1
00:00:59,514 --> 00:01:02,500
I HAVE SEEN THE WHITEFACE
AND THE SHORTHORN

2
00:01:02,567 --> 00:01:04,902
TAKE THE PLACE OF THE BUFFALO,

3
00:01:04,969 --> 00:01:08,723
WHEAT AND CORN AND ALFALFA
SUPPLANT THE BUFFALO GRASS.

4
00:01:08,789 --> 00:01:11,742
AND THERE ARE HUNDREDS
OF PROSPEROUS TOWNS

5
00:01:11,809 --> 00:01:14,461
AND EVEN CITIES
ON THE VERY GROUND

6
00:01:14,528 --> 00:01:18,049
WHERE I HAVE KILLED BUFFALO
AND DODGED INDIANS.

7
00:01:18,116 --> 00:01:21,986
IT WAS A WILD COUNTRY,
A WILD LIFE,

8
00:01:22,052 --> 00:01:26,324
AND THEY WERE GALLANT MEN
THAT LIVED IT.

9
00:01:26,390 --> 00:01:29,427
ALL OR MOST OF THEM ARE GONE.

10
00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:35,599
BUT IT IS BETTER NOW,
BETTER ALL AROUND --

11
00:01:35,666 --> 00:01:38,253
CHALKEY M. BEESON.

12
00:01:38,319 --> 00:01:39,820
[ NEIGHING ]

13
00:01:39,887 --> 00:01:46,361
IF YOU TIE A HORSE TO A STAKE,
DO YOU EXPECT HE WILL GROW FAT?

14
00:01:46,427 --> 00:01:50,198
IF YOU PEN AN INDIAN
ON A SMALL SPOT OF EARTH

15
00:01:50,265 --> 00:01:54,635
AND COMPEL HIM TO STAY THERE,
HE WILL NOT BE CONTENTED,

16
00:01:54,702 --> 00:01:57,188
NOR WILL HE GROW AND PROSPER.

17
00:01:59,823 --> 00:02:02,092
I HAVE ASKED
SOME OF THE GREAT WHITE CHIEFS

18
00:02:02,159 --> 00:02:04,946
WHERE THEY GET THEIR AUTHORITY
TO SAY TO THE INDIAN

19
00:02:05,012 --> 00:02:06,980
THAT HE SHALL STAY
IN ONE PLACE,

20
00:02:07,047 --> 00:02:11,719
WHILE HE SEES WHITE MEN
GOING WHERE THEY PLEASE.

21
00:02:11,786 --> 00:02:13,988
THEY CANNOT TELL ME --

22
00:02:14,055 --> 00:02:15,924
CHIEF JOSEPH.

23
00:02:20,928 --> 00:02:25,215
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

24
00:02:39,813 --> 00:02:42,299
[ DRUM BEATS,
CHANTING CONTINUES ]

25
00:02:53,577 --> 00:02:57,081
[ MORE VOICES
ADDED TO CHANTING ]

26
00:03:13,580 --> 00:03:19,787
[ "STARS AND STRIPES FOREVER"
PLAYS ]

27
00:03:19,853 --> 00:03:22,941
Narrator:
IN 1893, THE 400th ANNIVERSARY

28
00:03:23,007 --> 00:03:25,926
OF COLUMBUS'
ARRIVAL IN THE NEW WORLD

29
00:03:25,993 --> 00:03:28,029
WAS CELEBRATED IN CHICAGO.

30
00:03:28,095 --> 00:03:31,832
IT WAS CALLED THE WORLD'S
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION,

31
00:03:31,899 --> 00:03:34,602
AND IT WAS SO LARGE,
SO AMBITIOUS,

32
00:03:34,668 --> 00:03:36,671
SO SELF-CONGRATULATORY,

33
00:03:36,737 --> 00:03:41,174
THAT IT TOOK AN EXTRA YEAR
JUST TO GET EVERYTHING READY.

34
00:03:41,242 --> 00:03:46,664
TWENTY-FOUR MILLION PEOPLE
PAID THEIR WAY INTO THE FAIR,

35
00:03:46,731 --> 00:03:51,035
MORE THAN HAD EVER
ATTENDED ANY OTHER EVENT

36
00:03:51,102 --> 00:03:56,006
IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD.

37
00:03:56,073 --> 00:03:59,960
ALL THE WESTERN STATES STRUGGLED
TO OUTSHINE ONE ANOTHER --

38
00:04:00,027 --> 00:04:03,464
INCLUDING THE BRAND-NEW STATES
OF NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA,

39
00:04:03,531 --> 00:04:06,600
WYOMING, MONTANA, IDAHO,
AND WASHINGTON.

40
00:04:06,667 --> 00:04:12,356
THE CALIFORNIA PAVILION WAS
SHAPED LIKE A SPANISH MISSION.

41
00:04:12,422 --> 00:04:16,460
ON DISPLAY INSIDE WERE A GODDESS
MADE ENTIRELY OF FIGS

42
00:04:16,527 --> 00:04:20,865
AND A CONQUISTADOR
BUILT OF PRUNES.

43
00:04:20,932 --> 00:04:22,049
FOR ITS EXHIBIT HALL,

44
00:04:22,116 --> 00:04:27,104
MONTANA RECONSTRUCTED
A MOUNTAIN MAN'S CABIN.

45
00:04:27,170 --> 00:04:30,957
KANSAS SHOWED OFF A GIGANTIC
MURAL MADE OF GRAIN,

46
00:04:31,024 --> 00:04:35,129
AND AN ENTIRE HERD OF BUFFALO --
STUFFED.

47
00:04:35,195 --> 00:04:40,267
IN A SPEECH GIVEN AT THE FAIR,
A YOUNG, UNKNOWN HISTORIAN

48
00:04:40,334 --> 00:04:45,589
NAMED FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER
DECLARED FOR THE FIRST TIME

49
00:04:45,656 --> 00:04:50,094
THAT THE FRONTIER
HAD FINALLY CLOSED.

50
00:04:50,161 --> 00:04:54,565
THERE WERE
63 MILLION AMERICANS IN 1893.

51
00:04:54,631 --> 00:05:00,338
SEVENTEEN MILLION OF THEM NOW
LIVED WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

52
00:05:00,404 --> 00:05:02,222
ONLY 90 YEARS EARLIER,

53
00:05:02,289 --> 00:05:06,627
WHEN THOMAS JEFFERSON PURCHASED
THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY,

54
00:05:06,694 --> 00:05:12,499
HE HAD ESTIMATED
IT WOULD TAKE 100 GENERATIONS

55
00:05:12,566 --> 00:05:14,735
FOR THE UNITED STATES
TO PEOPLE THE WEST.

56
00:05:14,801 --> 00:05:17,538
AMERICANS HAD DONE IT
IN LESS THAN FIVE.

57
00:05:27,598 --> 00:05:31,102
BUT BEYOND THE FAIRGROUNDS,
BEYOND CHICAGO,

58
00:05:31,168 --> 00:05:32,452
IN THE REAL WEST,

59
00:05:32,519 --> 00:05:37,124
FOR EVERY STORY
THAT WAS COMING TO AN END,

60
00:05:37,191 --> 00:05:39,126
ANOTHER WAS ABOUT TO BEGIN.

61
00:05:45,850 --> 00:05:49,987
Man: THE MYTH OF THE WEST
IS A VERY APPEALING ONE,

62
00:05:50,054 --> 00:05:54,825
THE MYTH OF THE WEST IS THAT
THERE ONCE EXISTED A PLACE

63
00:05:54,891 --> 00:05:58,362
WHICH WAS FREE FOR THE TAKING,

64
00:05:58,429 --> 00:06:00,964
AND IN WHICH PEOPLE
WHO WERE WILLING TO WORK HARD,

65
00:06:01,031 --> 00:06:04,652
PEOPLE WHO WERE WILLING
TO INVEST THEIR OWN LABOR,

66
00:06:04,719 --> 00:06:07,355
COULD NOT ONLY
IMPROVE THEIR LIVES,

67
00:06:07,421 --> 00:06:10,708
BUT THEY COULD
IMPROVE THE PLACE THEMSELVES.

68
00:06:10,774 --> 00:06:13,827
THAT OUT OF THIS LABOR,
OUT OF THIS STRUGGLE,

69
00:06:13,878 --> 00:06:15,262
WOULD COME PROGRESS,

70
00:06:15,329 --> 00:06:19,933
WOULD COME A BETTER WORLD
THAN THEY HAD EVER IMAGINED,

71
00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,720
NOT JUST FOR THEMSELVES
AND NOT JUST FOR THEIR CHILDREN,

72
00:06:23,787 --> 00:06:27,157
BUT INDEED FOR THE WHOLE WORLD.

73
00:06:27,224 --> 00:06:31,129
STATED THAT WAY, THE MYTH
HAS THIS EXTRAORDINARY APPEAL.

74
00:06:31,195 --> 00:06:34,415
BUT, OF COURSE,
WHAT IT DOES IS MASK

75
00:06:34,482 --> 00:06:40,688
AN INFINITELY MORE COMPLICATED
AND MORE TANGLED STORY.

76
00:07:15,923 --> 00:07:18,626
Man: THE WEST
WAS SETTLED WITHOUT LOGIC.

77
00:07:18,693 --> 00:07:22,630
PEOPLE SETTLED
WHERE THEY WANTED TO SETTLE,

78
00:07:22,697 --> 00:07:27,368
WITH NO REGARD WHATEVER
TO THE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES

79
00:07:27,434 --> 00:07:31,538
OR THE ABILITY OF THE LAND
TO SUPPORT THEM.

80
00:07:31,606 --> 00:07:35,710
LOS ANGELES IS PROBABLY
THE PRETERNATURAL EXAMPLE

81
00:07:35,776 --> 00:07:39,780
OF A PLACE BEING WHERE
IT HAS NO BUSINESS BEING.

82
00:07:39,847 --> 00:07:44,034
THERE'S ABSOLUTELY NOTHING
IN THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONS

83
00:07:44,118 --> 00:07:45,502
TO SUPPORT IT.

84
00:07:45,569 --> 00:07:47,905
BUT PEOPLE WANTED TO LIVE
IN LOS ANGELES.

85
00:07:47,972 --> 00:07:51,776
AND THEY DEPLETED
THE GROUND WATER IN LOS ANGELES

86
00:07:51,842 --> 00:07:53,226
OVER SEVERAL DECADES,

87
00:07:53,294 --> 00:07:54,962
TO THE POINT WHERE THEY HAD
TO GO ELSEWHERE FOR WATER

88
00:07:55,029 --> 00:07:56,980
IN ORDER TO CONTINUE SUPPORTING

89
00:07:57,047 --> 00:08:00,301
THE CITY THAT HAD NO BUSINESS
BEING WHERE IT WAS.

90
00:08:06,991 --> 00:08:08,509
Narrator: BETWEEN 1890 AND 1904,

91
00:08:08,576 --> 00:08:14,164
THE POPULATION OF LOS ANGELES
QUADRUPLED, TO NEARLY 200,000.

92
00:08:14,231 --> 00:08:19,102
THERE WAS ALREADY
TOO LITTLE WATER IN DRY YEARS.

93
00:08:19,169 --> 00:08:24,909
IT SEEMED CLEAR THAT LOS ANGELES
COULD NOT GROW MUCH FURTHER

94
00:08:24,975 --> 00:08:26,360
WITHOUT SOME NEW SOURCE
OF SUPPLY.

95
00:08:26,427 --> 00:08:29,079
AND LOS ANGELES HAD TO GROW --

96
00:08:29,146 --> 00:08:34,251
ITS WHOLE ECONOMY WAS BASED
ON FRENZIED BOOSTERISM.

97
00:08:34,318 --> 00:08:38,171
IF LOS ANGELES RUNS OUT
OF WATER FOR ONE WEEK,

98
00:08:38,222 --> 00:08:42,509
THE CITY WITHIN A YEAR
WILL NOT HAVE A POPULATION

99
00:08:42,560 --> 00:08:44,411
OF 100,000 PEOPLE.

100
00:08:44,478 --> 00:08:48,282
A CITY QUICKLY FINDS ITS LEVEL,

101
00:08:48,349 --> 00:08:52,953
AND THAT LEVEL
IS ITS WATER SUPPLY --

102
00:08:53,020 --> 00:08:55,355
WILLIAM MULHOLLAND.

103
00:08:58,158 --> 00:09:02,647
Narrator: BUT THE NEAREST WATER
WAS IN THE OWENS RIVER VALLEY,

104
00:09:02,713 --> 00:09:05,900
233 MILES TO THE NORTHEAST.

105
00:09:05,966 --> 00:09:09,953
AND IT WAS ALREADY
BEING USED BY SOMEONE ELSE --

106
00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,474
SMALL FARMERS WHO WERE
IRRIGATING THEIR APPLE ORCHARDS

107
00:09:13,540 --> 00:09:19,981
AND FIELDS OF HAY AND ALFALFA
WITH SNOWMELT FROM THE SIERRAS.

108
00:09:22,182 --> 00:09:23,984
THEN, IN SEPTEMBER OF 1904,

109
00:09:24,050 --> 00:09:29,106
TWO STRANGERS
ARRIVED IN THE OWENS VALLEY.

110
00:09:29,172 --> 00:09:31,641
THEY WERE CAREFUL
NOT TO IDENTIFY THEMSELVES,

111
00:09:31,708 --> 00:09:37,815
BUT ONE WAS FRED EATON,
A FORMER MAYOR OF LOS ANGELES.

112
00:09:37,882 --> 00:09:41,135
THE OTHER
WAS WILLIAM MULHOLLAND,

113
00:09:41,201 --> 00:09:44,788
THE IRISH-BORN HEAD OF THE
LOS ANGELES WATER DEPARTMENT.

114
00:09:44,855 --> 00:09:49,193
HE BELIEVED RIVERS EXISTED
ONLY TO BE USED.

115
00:09:49,260 --> 00:09:51,595
IF IT WERE LEFT UP TO HIM,
HE ONCE SAID,

116
00:09:51,662 --> 00:09:54,081
HE WOULD HAVE
THE YOSEMITE VALLEY

117
00:09:54,148 --> 00:09:58,068
CAREFULLY PHOTOGRAPHED
AND THEN "BUILD A DAM

118
00:09:58,135 --> 00:10:03,089
FROM ONE SIDE TO THE OTHER
AND STOP THE GODDAMNED WASTE."

119
00:10:03,156 --> 00:10:05,626
MULHOLLAND BELIEVED
HE COULD BUILD

120
00:10:05,693 --> 00:10:09,863
A SYSTEM OF AQUEDUCTS
AND SIPHONS AND TUNNELS

121
00:10:09,930 --> 00:10:11,682
THAT WOULD
TAKE THE OWENS RIVER WATER

122
00:10:11,749 --> 00:10:16,871
RIGHT THROUGH THE SIERRAS AND
ALL THE WAY INTO LOS ANGELES.

123
00:10:16,937 --> 00:10:19,473
BUT THE BRAND-NEW
FEDERAL BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

124
00:10:19,523 --> 00:10:23,209
HAD ALREADY PROMISED
TO IMPROVE THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

125
00:10:23,277 --> 00:10:25,312
FOR THE PEOPLE OF OWENS VALLEY.

126
00:10:25,378 --> 00:10:28,148
EATON HURRIED TO WASHINGTON

127
00:10:28,198 --> 00:10:30,734
AND QUIETLY
TALKED THE GOVERNMENT OUT OF IT.

128
00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:34,221
THE WATER, HE ARGUED,
WOULD BENEFIT MANY MORE PEOPLE

129
00:10:34,287 --> 00:10:36,974
IF IT COULD BE MOVED
TO LOS ANGELES.

130
00:10:37,041 --> 00:10:41,428
Man: THEY WERE HELPED
BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

131
00:10:41,494 --> 00:10:45,398
TEDDY ROOSEVELT HAD DECIDED
IT MADE MORE SENSE

132
00:10:45,466 --> 00:10:47,501
TO HAVE A STRONG CITY
ON THE WESTERN FLANK OF AMERICA,

133
00:10:47,567 --> 00:10:50,004
THAT CITY BEING LOS ANGELES,
THAN IT DID

134
00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:51,439
TO HAVE 50,000 ACRES OF APPLES
GROWING IN THE OWENS VALLEY.

135
00:10:51,505 --> 00:10:53,641
SO THEYACTIVELY
HELPED LOS ANGELES

136
00:10:53,708 --> 00:10:55,058
GET ITS HANDS ON THAT RIVER.

137
00:10:55,125 --> 00:11:00,530
Narrator: POSING AS AN ECCENTRIC
BUT ENORMOUSLY WEALTHY RANCHER,

138
00:11:00,598 --> 00:11:03,750
EATON WENT BACK TO THE VALLEY

139
00:11:03,817 --> 00:11:06,053
AND BEGAN BUYING UP
LAND AND WATER RIGHTS.

140
00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:10,324
WITH INSIDE INFORMATION,
HE AND SOME WEALTHY FRIENDS

141
00:11:10,391 --> 00:11:14,527
ALSO QUIETLY BOUGHT UP
DESERT LAND AROUND LOS ANGELES,

142
00:11:14,594 --> 00:11:18,599
KNOWING THAT ONCE
MULHOLLAND'S AQUEDUCT WAS BUILT

143
00:11:18,665 --> 00:11:20,167
IT WOULD BE WORTH A FORTUNE.

144
00:11:20,233 --> 00:11:23,721
THEN, MULHOLLAND AND EATON
PERSUADED THE CITY'S VOTERS

145
00:11:23,787 --> 00:11:26,306
TO PASS THE LARGEST BOND ISSUE

146
00:11:26,373 --> 00:11:29,927
IN THE HISTORY
OF THE UNITED STATES --

147
00:11:29,993 --> 00:11:31,377
$23 MILLION.

148
00:11:31,444 --> 00:11:33,731
THEY SET THEIR SIGHTS
ON THAT RIVER.

149
00:11:33,797 --> 00:11:37,050
NO CITY IN HISTORY HAD EVER
DONE ANYTHING LIKE IT --

150
00:11:37,117 --> 00:11:39,053
GONE 200 MILES ACROSS THE DESERT

151
00:11:39,119 --> 00:11:43,724
AND IMPORTED AN ENTIRE RIVER BY
AQUEDUCT, BY SIPHON, BY TUNNEL.

152
00:11:43,791 --> 00:11:47,043
THEY STOLE IT, BUT THEY
STOLE IT FAIR AND SQUARE.

153
00:11:47,128 --> 00:11:49,847
Narrator:
AT LAST, WILLIAM MULHOLLAND

154
00:11:49,913 --> 00:11:51,598
COULD GET TO WORK.

155
00:11:51,665 --> 00:11:56,554
NEITHER PERSONAL PROFIT NOR
POLITICS EVER INTERESTED HIM.

156
00:11:56,620 --> 00:12:00,824
ONCE, ASKED IF HE WANTED
TO RUN FOR MAYOR,

157
00:12:00,891 --> 00:12:03,627
HE ANSWERED THAT HE'D SOONER

158
00:12:03,694 --> 00:12:05,895
GIVE BIRTH TO A PORCUPINE --
BACKWARDS.

159
00:12:05,962 --> 00:12:09,149
HE LIVED ONLY TO BUILD,

160
00:12:09,216 --> 00:12:12,102
AND NOW FACED
AN ENGINEERING CHALLENGE

161
00:12:12,169 --> 00:12:16,689
THAT RIVALED
THE SUEZ AND PANAMA CANALS.

162
00:12:16,756 --> 00:12:19,810
FIFTY-THREE TUNNELS HAD TO BE
BLASTED THROUGH THE MOUNTAINS.

163
00:12:19,877 --> 00:12:21,362
[ EXPLOSION ]

164
00:12:21,428 --> 00:12:28,168
500 MILES OF TRAILS AND ROADS,
120 MILES OF RAILROAD TRACK,

165
00:12:28,219 --> 00:12:32,272
5,000 TO 6,000 MEN HAD TO BE
FED AND HOUSED AND DOCTORED

166
00:12:32,339 --> 00:12:37,894
WHILE THEY INCHED THEIR WAY
ACROSS THE MOJAVE DESERT.

167
00:12:37,962 --> 00:12:43,901
THE 110-DEGREE HEAT SPOILED FOOD
MOMENTS AFTER IT WAS COOKED.

168
00:12:43,967 --> 00:12:49,589
BLOWING SAND DESTROYED
28 CATERPILLAR TRACTORS

169
00:12:49,656 --> 00:12:52,676
THAT HAD TO BE REPLACED
BY 1,500 MULES.

170
00:12:52,742 --> 00:12:54,594
FORTY-THREE MEN DIED

171
00:12:54,661 --> 00:12:58,765
IN THE SIX YEARS
IT TOOK TO FINISH THE JOB.

172
00:12:58,832 --> 00:13:01,168
THE WEST
HAD SEEN NOTHING LIKE IT

173
00:13:01,218 --> 00:13:04,705
SINCE THE BUILDING OF
THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD.

174
00:13:08,759 --> 00:13:12,045
[ "STARS AND STRIPES FOREVER"
PLAYS ]

175
00:13:29,613 --> 00:13:35,101
Watkins: AT THE RESERVOIR
IN LOS ANGELES IN 1913,

176
00:13:35,168 --> 00:13:36,903
WILLIAM MULHOLLAND,
BEFORE A CROWD OF THOUSANDS,

177
00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:41,308
TURNED TO ONE OF HIS ENGINEERS
AT THE LAST PUMP

178
00:13:41,375 --> 00:13:43,777
AND GAVE THE INDICATION
TO TURN THE GREAT WHEELS,

179
00:13:43,844 --> 00:13:45,896
OPEN THE FLOODGATES,
AND DOWN THE WATER CAME

180
00:13:45,962 --> 00:13:48,699
DANCING AND SPARKLING
IN THE SUN,

181
00:13:48,765 --> 00:13:51,218
AND STARTED
SPILLING INTO THE RESERVOIR,

182
00:13:51,285 --> 00:13:53,687
AND MULHOLLAND TURNED
TO THE DIGNITARIES AND SAID,

183
00:13:53,737 --> 00:13:56,173
"THERE IT IS, GENTLEMEN.
TAKE IT."

184
00:14:02,980 --> 00:14:05,832
Narrator:
LOS ANGELES GOT ITS WATER,

185
00:14:05,899 --> 00:14:08,985
AND BECAUSE OF IT,
SOON SURPASSED SAN FRANCISCO

186
00:14:09,052 --> 00:14:13,624
AS THE BIGGEST AND MOST POWERFUL
CITY IN THE WEST.

187
00:14:15,041 --> 00:14:18,328
THE OWENS VALLEY
NEVER RECOVERED.

188
00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:37,681
Man: IF YOU GO TO
THE ANCIENT ANASAZI DWELLINGS

189
00:14:37,747 --> 00:14:39,382
IN THE SOUTHWEST,

190
00:14:39,449 --> 00:14:45,789
AND YOU STAND THERE,
AND TRY TO LISTEN TO THE WIND,

191
00:14:45,856 --> 00:14:48,425
AND HEAR WHAT THE STORIES
MIGHT BE FROM THERE,

192
00:14:48,491 --> 00:14:54,113
WHAT I HEAR IS THAT PEOPLE
DON'T ALWAYS ACCEPT

193
00:14:54,180 --> 00:14:56,282
WHAT THE ENVIRONMENT TELLS THEM.

194
00:14:58,869 --> 00:15:01,238
YOU WANT TO SAY,
"DIDN'T THEY GET IT?

195
00:15:01,304 --> 00:15:04,591
"THIS IS A DESERT, YOU KNOW.

196
00:15:04,657 --> 00:15:06,409
WHY WOULD YOU TRY TO BUILD
A HUGE CITY HERE?"

197
00:15:06,476 --> 00:15:08,862
AND WHEN I SEE
A PLACE LIKE CHACO CANYON,

198
00:15:08,929 --> 00:15:11,398
I THINK THAT MAYBE
2,000 YEARS FROM NOW,

199
00:15:11,465 --> 00:15:16,937
SOMEONE'S GOING TO BE STANDING
IN WHAT WAS ONCE LOS ANGELES

200
00:15:17,004 --> 00:15:17,871
OR PHOENIX, ARIZONA,

201
00:15:17,938 --> 00:15:20,073
AND ASK THE SAME QUESTION.

202
00:15:20,140 --> 00:15:22,826
AND IT'S THE SAME STORY

203
00:15:22,893 --> 00:15:29,366
THAT ARCS FROM 500 YEARS AGO
TO 1,000 YEARS IN THE FUTURE.

204
00:15:29,432 --> 00:15:31,868
DIDN'T THEY GET IT?

205
00:15:55,175 --> 00:15:57,444
,
WHAT A DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE PRESENT TIME

206
00:15:57,511 --> 00:16:01,932
AND THOSE
THAT PRECEDED THE AMERICANS.

207
00:16:01,999 --> 00:16:04,951
IF THE CALIFORNIOS
COULD ALL GATHER TOGETHER

208
00:16:05,018 --> 00:16:06,203
TO BREATHE A LAMENT,

209
00:16:06,269 --> 00:16:11,591
IT WOULD REACH HEAVEN
AS A MOVING SIGH,

210
00:16:11,659 --> 00:16:17,314
WHICH WOULD CAUSE FEAR AND
CONSTERNATION IN THE UNIVERSE!

211
00:16:17,381 --> 00:16:18,631
WHAT MISERY --

212
00:16:18,698 --> 00:16:22,302
MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO.

213
00:16:22,369 --> 00:16:25,488
Narrator: DURING HIS LONG LIFE,
MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO

214
00:16:25,555 --> 00:16:29,660
HAD FOUGHT CALIFORNIA INDIANS
ON BEHALF OF SPAIN,

215
00:16:29,726 --> 00:16:33,413
COMMANDED CALIFORNIO TROOPS
FOR MEXICO,

216
00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:37,451
AND WELCOMED THE AMERICANS
TO THE PACIFIC COAST.

217
00:16:37,517 --> 00:16:39,453
THEN HE HAD WATCHED IN DISMAY

218
00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:42,939
AS THE NEWCOMERS
DISPOSSESSED HIM OF HIS LAND

219
00:16:43,006 --> 00:16:46,192
AND DISMISSED THE ROLE
HE AND HIS ANCESTORS

220
00:16:46,259 --> 00:16:49,979
HAD PLAYED
IN THE HISTORY OF THE WEST.

221
00:16:50,046 --> 00:16:53,399
VALLEJO WORRIED
THAT THE LEGACY OF HIS PEOPLE

222
00:16:53,450 --> 00:16:55,168
WAS BEING FORGOTTEN.

223
00:16:55,235 --> 00:16:59,072
HIS FATHER HAD BEEN
ONE OF THE FIRST SETTLERS

224
00:16:59,139 --> 00:17:00,890
OF SAN FRANCISCO.

225
00:17:00,957 --> 00:17:05,479
YET NOW, THE CITY'S SCHOOLS
TAUGHT FRENCH AND GERMAN,

226
00:17:05,546 --> 00:17:07,614
BUT NOT SPANISH.

227
00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:11,268
IMMIGRANTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES,
HE COMPLAINED,

228
00:17:11,334 --> 00:17:16,323
WERE "FAWNED UPON WHILE
WE CALIFORNIOS ARE DESPISED."

229
00:17:16,390 --> 00:17:17,974
HIS VAST ESTATE --

230
00:17:18,041 --> 00:17:21,645
ONCE A QUARTER
OF A MILLION ACRES --

231
00:17:21,712 --> 00:17:24,480
WAS REDUCED TO FEWER THAN 300.

232
00:17:24,547 --> 00:17:30,987
NOW HE WAS HOUNDED BY LAWYERS,
PLAGUED BY DEBTS.

233
00:17:31,054 --> 00:17:32,205
WITH HIS WIFE BENICIA,

234
00:17:32,271 --> 00:17:36,927
VALLEJO LIVED IN
A LITTLE COTTAGE WHICH HE CALLED

235
00:17:36,994 --> 00:17:41,114
"LACHRYMA MONTIS" --
TEAR OF THE MOUNTAIN.

236
00:17:41,164 --> 00:17:43,834
BUT SOMETIMES HE VISITED
WHAT WAS LEFT

237
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:46,503
OF HIS OLD ADOBE RANCH HOUSE
NEAR PETALUMA.

238
00:17:46,570 --> 00:17:51,758
Vallejo:I COMPARE THAT
OLD RELIC WITH MYSELF --

239
00:17:51,825 --> 00:17:54,928
RUINS AND DILAPIDATION.

240
00:17:54,994 --> 00:17:59,397
WHAT A DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THEN AND NOW.

241
00:17:59,463 --> 00:18:03,870
THEN, YOUTH, STRENGTH,
AND RICHES.

242
00:18:03,937 --> 00:18:07,907
NESS, AND POVERTY.
THEN, YOUTH, STRENGTH,
AND RICHES.??AGE, WEAK

243
00:18:07,974 --> 00:18:10,977
Narrator:
FRIENDS PETITIONED CONGRESS

244
00:18:11,044 --> 00:18:13,446
FOR A PENSION FOR THE OLD MAN,

245
00:18:13,513 --> 00:18:18,101
BUT BEFORE ANY ACTION
COULD BE TAKEN,

246
00:18:18,167 --> 00:18:20,937
VALLEJO DIED
ON JANUARY 21, 1890.

247
00:18:27,945 --> 00:18:30,213
AT THE TIME OF VALLEJO'S DEATH,

248
00:18:30,279 --> 00:18:33,650
THOUSANDS OF MEXICANS
WERE CROSSING THE BORDER

249
00:18:33,717 --> 00:18:35,552
INTO THE UNITED STATES.

250
00:18:35,619 --> 00:18:38,889
MOST CAME NORTH
FOR THE SAME REASONS

251
00:18:38,955 --> 00:18:42,559
THAT AMERICANS WENT WEST.

252
00:18:42,626 --> 00:18:46,630
"MY INTENTION IS TO GET
A GOOD JOB, TO SAVE SOME MONEY,

253
00:18:46,697 --> 00:18:49,399
AND START OUT FOR MYSELF,"
SAID ONE,

254
00:18:49,465 --> 00:18:53,553
"FOR ONE CAN MAKE GOOD MONEY
IN AMERICA,

255
00:18:53,620 --> 00:18:56,356
AND THERE IS ALWAYS WORK."

256
00:18:56,423 --> 00:18:59,359
Man:
TO ME, THE FACT THAT THE MEXICAN

257
00:18:59,426 --> 00:19:03,764
CAME NORTH
IN SEARCH OF A BETTER LIFE
Man:
TO ME, THE FACT THAT THE MEXICAN

258
00:19:03,830 --> 00:19:07,117
IS A TREMENDOUS EPIC
THAT HASN'T BEEN WRITTEN.

259
00:19:10,037 --> 00:19:13,790
IT'S AN ODYSSEY
THAT WE KNOW NOTHING ABOUT.

260
00:19:13,857 --> 00:19:18,145
AND THEY CAME WITH A DREAM
FOR A BETTER LIFE.

261
00:19:18,211 --> 00:19:21,048
THE REALITY IS VERY DIFFERENT.

262
00:19:21,114 --> 00:19:25,552
THEY LEFT BEHIND A CULTURE
IN WHICH THEY FELT SAFE,

263
00:19:25,618 --> 00:19:28,805
AND THEY HAD
TO RECREATE THAT HERE.

264
00:19:28,871 --> 00:19:32,976
Narrator: THEY FOUND JOBS
IN THE MINES, ON THE RAILROADS,

265
00:19:33,043 --> 00:19:36,513
AND LABORING IN THE VAST
NEW AGRICULTURAL FIELDS

266
00:19:36,579 --> 00:19:38,515
OF THE SOUTHWEST.

267
00:19:38,582 --> 00:19:42,619
DESCENDANTS OF THE OLDEST
EUROPEAN CULTURE IN THE WEST,

268
00:19:42,686 --> 00:19:47,089
THEY WERE NOW OFTEN GREETED
AS UNWELCOME NEWCOMERS.

269
00:19:47,157 --> 00:19:49,726
STILL, OVER THE NEXT 30 YEARS,

270
00:19:49,793 --> 00:19:52,896
1 1/2 MILLION MEN,
WOMEN AND CHILDREN --

271
00:19:52,962 --> 00:19:57,601
10% OF THE POPULATION
OF MEXICO -- WOULD COME NORTH,

272
00:19:57,668 --> 00:20:01,204
FOLLOWING MANY
OF THE SAME ROUTES

273
00:20:01,271 --> 00:20:06,142
ONCE TAKEN BY THE CONQUISTADORS.

274
00:20:06,209 --> 00:20:06,810
[ WHISTLE BLOWS ]

275
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:18,822
Man: MY GRANDPARENTS'
HOMETOWN IS GUERRERO.

276
00:20:18,888 --> 00:20:24,244
WHEN IT WAS FOUNDED,
IT WAS THE ORIGINAL TEXAS.

277
00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:29,699
MY GRANDMOTHER WAS BORN THERE,
AND HER FAMILY WAS BORN THERE,

278
00:20:29,766 --> 00:20:34,070
AND THEY GO BACK TO THE ORIGINAL
SETTLERS OF THAT TOWN,

279
00:20:34,137 --> 00:20:35,705
BACK IN THE 1750s.

280
00:20:35,772 --> 00:20:40,043
BECAUSE OF A DECISION
TO DAM THE RIVER

281
00:20:40,109 --> 00:20:44,047
AND BUILD
THE FALCON DAM RESERVOIR,

282
00:20:44,114 --> 00:20:46,439
THE TOWN WAS FLOODED.

283
00:20:46,506 --> 00:20:51,121
WHEN THE FALCON WATERS RECEDE,
THE PEOPLE COME TO THE PLAZA

284
00:20:51,187 --> 00:20:53,323
AND THEY DANCE ON THE PLAZA.

285
00:20:53,390 --> 00:20:56,776
THEY PLAY THEIR MUSIC
AT MIDNIGHT THERE.

286
00:20:56,843 --> 00:21:02,182
THEY WALK AROUND THE CHURCH
AND TOUCH IT.

287
00:21:02,249 --> 00:21:07,537
THEY CLEAN UP THE YARD
OF THE CHURCH

288
00:21:07,604 --> 00:21:08,821
AND THE OLD CEMETERIES.

289
00:21:08,888 --> 00:21:11,841
THEY WALK OVER
TO FLORES' GROCERY STORE.

290
00:21:11,908 --> 00:21:14,995
THEY WALK OVER TO THE HOTEL
THAT WAS ONCE THERE.

291
00:21:15,062 --> 00:21:17,430
THEY WALK AROUND THE RESIDENCE.

292
00:21:17,496 --> 00:21:23,786
IT IS REALLY A MOMENT
WHEN THE WHOLE COMMUNITY

293
00:21:23,853 --> 00:21:28,025
COMES TOGETHER
AND TAKES PRIDE IN IT,

294
00:21:28,091 --> 00:21:29,843
AND THEY TAKE CARE OF IT

295
00:21:29,909 --> 00:21:34,146
AS IF IT WERE STILL
A LIVE AND THRIVING TOWN.

296
00:21:34,213 --> 00:21:36,866
I THINK AS LONG
AS GUERRERO LIVES,

297
00:21:36,933 --> 00:21:41,671
OUR HISTORY LIVES,
OUR COMMUNITY LIVES.

298
00:21:41,737 --> 00:21:45,508
IT SPEAKS FOR THE FACT THAT
NO MATTER ALL THE TRAGEDIES

299
00:21:45,575 --> 00:21:49,128
AND THE WARS AND EVERYTHING
THAT'S HAPPENED TO US,

300
00:21:49,195 --> 00:21:52,182
WE'RE STILL THERE.

301
00:22:07,063 --> 00:22:09,264
ALL IN ALL,
MY YEARS ON THE TRAIL

302
00:22:09,331 --> 00:22:11,233
WERE THE HAPPIEST I EVER LIVED.

303
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:14,236
THERE WERE MANY HARDSHIPS
AND DANGERS, OF COURSE,

304
00:22:14,303 --> 00:22:17,574
THAT CALLED ON ALL A MAN HAD
OF ENDURANCE AND BRAVERY,

305
00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:19,158
BUT WHEN ALL WENT WELL,

306
00:22:19,225 --> 00:22:21,977
THERE WAS NO OTHER LIFE
SO PLEASANT.

307
00:22:22,044 --> 00:22:25,047
MOST OF THE TIME WE WERE
SOLITARY ADVENTURERS

308
00:22:25,114 --> 00:22:28,718
IN A GREAT LAND AS FRESH
AND NEW AS A SPRING MORNING.

309
00:22:28,784 --> 00:22:34,374
AND WE WERE FREE AND
FULL OF THE ZEST OF DARERS --

310
00:22:34,441 --> 00:22:37,160
CHARLES GOODNIGHT.

311
00:22:38,728 --> 00:22:43,599
Narrator: BY 1916, FEW AMERICANS
HAD SEEN MORE OF THE WEST --

312
00:22:43,666 --> 00:22:45,901
OR HELPED MAKE
MORE OF ITS HISTORY --

313
00:22:45,969 --> 00:22:48,904
AN CHARLES GOODNIGHT.

314
00:22:48,971 --> 00:22:50,073
HE HAD LIVED IN TEXAS

315
00:22:50,139 --> 00:22:54,977
WHEN IT WAS STILL
AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC,

316
00:22:55,044 --> 00:22:56,946
BLAZED ONE OF THE FIRST
CATTLE TRAILS

317
00:22:57,012 --> 00:22:58,598
ACROSS THE GREAT PLAINS,

318
00:22:58,665 --> 00:23:06,305
AND STARTED HIS OWN BUFFALO HERD
TO HELP THE SPECIES SURVIVE.

319
00:23:06,371 --> 00:23:07,506
NOW, STILL VIGOROUS AT AGE 80,

320
00:23:07,573 --> 00:23:12,195
GOODNIGHT WANTED
TO LEAVE SOMETHING BEHIND,

321
00:23:12,261 --> 00:23:15,264
TO SHOW AMERICANS PART
OF THE WEST THAT HE REMEMBERED.

322
00:23:17,633 --> 00:23:20,336
HE DECIDED TO MAKE A MOVIE.

323
00:23:20,403 --> 00:23:26,476
IN GOODNIGHT'S WESTERN, THERE
WERE NO SALOONS OR BANDITS,

324
00:23:26,542 --> 00:23:30,296
COWBOYS NEVER HAD A GUNFIGHT,

325
00:23:30,363 --> 00:23:34,416
AND INDIANS WERE AS LIKELY
TO BE FRIENDLY AS HOSTILE.

326
00:23:34,483 --> 00:23:39,388
NEAR THE END OF THE FILM,
THERE WAS A BUFFALO HUNT.

327
00:23:39,455 --> 00:23:43,743
GOODNIGHT INVITED HIS NEIGHBORS,
THE KIOWAS,

328
00:23:43,810 --> 00:23:47,463
TO KILL ONE JUST AS THEY HAD
IN THE OLD DAYS.

329
00:23:47,530 --> 00:23:49,465
THE FINISHED MOVIE WAS SHOWN

330
00:23:49,532 --> 00:23:52,501
TO A CATTLEMAN'S CONVENTION
IN DENVER

331
00:23:52,568 --> 00:23:57,172
AND A CAMPFIRE CLUB DINNER
IN NEW YORK.

332
00:23:57,239 --> 00:23:59,141
BUT IT NEVER CAUGHT ON
WITH THE PUBLIC.

333
00:23:59,207 --> 00:24:00,776
PEOPLE ALREADY PREFERRED

334
00:24:00,843 --> 00:24:03,162
A DIFFERENT VERSION
OF THE WEST --

335
00:24:03,229 --> 00:24:11,754
FULL OF ACTION, VIOLENCE,
AND ABOVE ALL, HEROES.

336
00:24:11,820 --> 00:24:12,972
Watkins:
MUCH OF WHAT IS WRONG

337
00:24:13,039 --> 00:24:16,642
WITH HOW WE LOOK AT THE WEST
AND ITS HISTORY

338
00:24:16,708 --> 00:24:19,928
IS THE FACT THAT WE HAVE,

339
00:24:19,979 --> 00:24:23,066
IN ALL OUR FORMS
OF ENTERTAINMENT,

340
00:24:23,132 --> 00:24:25,784
LOOKED UPON IT
AS PRE-DIGESTED FOLK DRAMA.

341
00:24:25,869 --> 00:24:29,321
VERY SIMPLE STORIES
ACTED OUT VERY SIMPLY

342
00:24:29,388 --> 00:24:31,724
TO PROVE VERY SIMPLE THINGS.

343
00:24:31,791 --> 00:24:34,377
YOU GOT YOUR GOOD GUYS,
YOU GOT YOUR BAD GUYS.

344
00:24:34,443 --> 00:24:37,096
YOU GOT YOUR INDIANS,
YOU GOT YOUR COWBOYS.

345
00:24:37,162 --> 00:24:40,032
AND THE TRUE COMPLEXITIES
OF WHAT WAS GOING ON IN THE WEST

346
00:24:40,099 --> 00:24:43,452
ALMOST NEVER HAVE BEEN THE
SUBJECT OF FILM IN HOLLYWOOD.

347
00:24:43,518 --> 00:24:48,107
ONE OF THE DANGERS IN LOOKING
AT THE AMERICAN WEST, OUR PAST,

348
00:24:48,173 --> 00:24:52,945
IS TO PAINT EVERYTHING
IN BLACK OR WHITE,

349
00:24:53,012 --> 00:24:55,348
TO MAKE THINGS SIMPLE,
TO CREATE THEIR POLARITIES.

350
00:24:55,414 --> 00:24:59,117
I THINK THAT WE DO THAT AT
OUR OWN PERIL, AT OUR OWN RISK.

351
00:25:02,872 --> 00:25:07,042
IT MAY BE THAT THE REAL STORY
OF THE AMERICAN WEST

352
00:25:07,109 --> 00:25:08,911
IS A STORY OF SPIRIT,

353
00:25:08,977 --> 00:25:13,282
THE CHALLENGE TO LIVE AND LOVE
WITH A BROKEN HEART.

354
00:25:13,349 --> 00:25:16,936
Man: I'M ONE OF THE FEW
WHO DIDN'T GET INTO

355
00:25:17,002 --> 00:25:20,523
A BOARDING SCHOOL SYSTEM
TILL I WAS 16,

356
00:25:20,590 --> 00:25:25,795
I GREW UP
WITH A LOT OF THE OLDER PEOPLE,

357
00:25:25,861 --> 00:25:29,232
LISTENED TO THE STORIES.

358
00:25:29,299 --> 00:25:31,900
AND THOSE STORIES
WERE INSIDE OF ME.

359
00:25:31,951 --> 00:25:36,389
AND I WENT
INTO A BOARDING SCHOOL SYSTEM,

360
00:25:36,456 --> 00:25:42,461
AND THEY KILLED THOSE STORIES
IN THAT SYSTEM.

361
00:25:42,528 --> 00:25:43,979
I CAME OUT OF THERE

362
00:25:44,046 --> 00:25:48,551
TOTALLY ASHAMED OF WHO I AM,
OF WHAT I AM.

363
00:25:48,617 --> 00:25:53,573
IN THE LATE '60s I WENT BACK
TO THE CULTURE ON MY OWN.

364
00:25:53,639 --> 00:25:58,961
I LET MY HAIR GROW,
I START SPEAKING MY LANGUAGE,

365
00:25:59,028 --> 00:26:03,333
AND IN ONE OF THOSE TIMES,
I FASTED.

366
00:26:03,399 --> 00:26:10,456
I DID THE VISION QUEST
FOR FIVE YEARS.

367
00:26:10,523 --> 00:26:16,779
AND ONE OF THOSE YEARS,
I...IT WAS A BEAUTIFUL NIGHT,

368
00:26:16,846 --> 00:26:22,651
THE STARS WERE OUT,
AND IT WAS CALM, JUST BEAUTIFUL.

369
00:26:22,718 --> 00:26:29,291
AND IT WAS AROUND MIDNIGHT
AND I GOT UP AND I PRAYED.

370
00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:34,547
AND I SAT DOWN
AND SAT THERE FOR A WHILE

371
00:26:34,613 --> 00:26:40,135
AND THEN ALL
OF A SUDDEN I HAD THESE,

372
00:26:40,203 --> 00:26:46,875
LIKE FLASHBACKS
OF SAND CREEK, WOUNDED KNEE,

373
00:26:46,942 --> 00:26:52,364
AND EVERY POLICY, EVERY LAW
THAT WAS IMPOSED ON US

374
00:26:52,431 --> 00:26:57,719
BY THE GOVERNMENT
AND THE CHURCHES

375
00:26:57,786 --> 00:27:02,224
HIT ME ONE AT A TIME --
ONE AT A TIME.

376
00:27:02,291 --> 00:27:03,759
AND HOW IT AFFECTED MY LIFE.

377
00:27:03,826 --> 00:27:09,248
AND AS I SAT THERE,
I GOT ANGRIER AND ANGRIER,

378
00:27:09,314 --> 00:27:11,917
UNTIL IT TURNED TO HATRED.

379
00:27:11,984 --> 00:27:15,137
AND I LOOKED
AT THE WHOLE SITUATION,

380
00:27:15,204 --> 00:27:19,608
THE WHOLE PICTURE, AND THERE
WAS NOTHING I COULD DO.

381
00:27:19,675 --> 00:27:21,544
IT WAS TOO MUCH.

382
00:27:21,611 --> 00:27:29,068
THE ONLY THING I COULD DO TO ME,
WAS WHEN I COME OFF THAT HILL,

383
00:27:29,135 --> 00:27:36,125
I'M GOING TO GRAB A GUN,
AND I'M GOING TO START SHOOTING,

384
00:27:36,192 --> 00:27:43,532
AND GO THAT WAY, MAYBE THEN
MY GRANDFATHERS WILL HONOR ME,

385
00:27:43,599 --> 00:27:47,236
IF I GO THAT ROUTE.

386
00:27:47,303 --> 00:27:53,742
I GOT UP, AND I CAME AROUND,
AND I FACED THE EAST DIRECTION,

387
00:27:53,809 --> 00:28:01,166
AND IT WAS BEAUTIFUL,
I MEAN...IT WAS DAWN, LIGHT,

388
00:28:01,233 --> 00:28:04,586
ENOUGH LIGHT TO SEE
THE ROLLING HILLS OUT THERE,

389
00:28:04,653 --> 00:28:09,291
AND RIGHT ABOVE THAT BLUE LIGHT
IN THAT DARKNESS

390
00:28:09,358 --> 00:28:12,811
WAS THE SLIVER OF THE MOON
AND THE MORNING STAR.

391
00:28:12,878 --> 00:28:16,215
AND I WANTED TO LIVE.

392
00:28:16,282 --> 00:28:20,402
I WANT TO LIVE.
I WANT TO BE HAPPY.

393
00:28:20,469 --> 00:28:21,837
I FEEL I DESERVE THAT.

394
00:28:21,904 --> 00:28:27,660
BUT THE ONLY WAY
THAT I WAS GOING TO DO THAT

395
00:28:27,726 --> 00:28:31,113
WAS IF I FORGIVE,

396
00:28:31,179 --> 00:28:36,135
AND I CRIED THAT MORNING
BECAUSE I HAD TO FORGIVE.

397
00:28:36,202 --> 00:28:42,090
SINCE THEN, EVERY DAY
I WORK ON THAT COMMITMENT.

398
00:28:42,157 --> 00:28:47,146
NOW, I DON'T KNOW
HOW MANY PEOPLE FELT IT,

399
00:28:47,213 --> 00:28:52,535
BUT EVERY ONE OF US,
IF YOU'RE LAKOTA,

400
00:28:52,602 --> 00:28:57,390
YOU HAVE TO DEAL WITH THAT
AT SOME POINT IN YOUR LIFE,

401
00:28:57,456 --> 00:29:04,496
AND YOU HAVE TO ADDRESS THAT,
YOU HAVE TO MAKE A DECISION.

402
00:29:04,563 --> 00:29:07,749
IF YOU DON'T, YOU'RE GOING
TO DIE ON A ROAD SOMEPLACE,

403
00:29:07,816 --> 00:29:10,469
EITHER FROM BEING TOO DRUNK,

404
00:29:10,536 --> 00:29:14,122
OR YOU MIGHT TAKE A GUN
TO YOUR HEAD,

405
00:29:14,190 --> 00:29:18,094
IF YOU DON'T
HANDLE THOSE SITUATIONS.

406
00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:21,914
SO, IT JUST, THIS ISN'T HISTORY.

407
00:29:21,981 --> 00:29:26,519
I MEAN, IT'S STILL WITH US.

408
00:29:26,585 --> 00:29:33,509
WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN THE PAST
WILL NEVER LEAVE US.

409
00:29:33,576 --> 00:29:38,113
THE NEXT 100, 200 YEARS,
IT WILL BE WITH US,

410
00:29:38,180 --> 00:29:43,669
AND WE HAVE
TO DEAL WITH IT EVERY DAY.

411
00:29:50,859 --> 00:29:54,730
MY OLD GRANDFATHER,
NAMED MISSOURI RIVER,

412
00:29:54,797 --> 00:29:56,648
TAUGHT ME
OF THE SPIRIT GUIDES.

413
00:29:56,732 --> 00:30:00,903
"NOT ALL THE SPIRITS
ARE GOOD," HE SAID.

414
00:30:00,970 --> 00:30:02,505
"SOME SEEK TO HARM US.

415
00:30:02,571 --> 00:30:05,490
"THE GOOD SPIRITS
SEND US BUFFALOES,

416
00:30:05,558 --> 00:30:08,610
"AND RAIN
TO MAKE OUR CORN GROW.

417
00:30:08,677 --> 00:30:12,565
"BUT IT IS NOT WELL
TO PROVOKE THE SPIRITS.

418
00:30:12,631 --> 00:30:18,270
"MY LITTLE GRAND
SHOULD NEVER LAUGH AT THEM

419
00:30:18,337 --> 00:30:21,423
OR SPEAK OF THEM LIGHTLY" --

420
00:30:21,490 --> 00:30:23,793
BUFFALO BIRD WOMAN.

421
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:30,800
Narrator: AMONG THE HIDATSA
OF THE UPPER MISSOURI

422
00:30:30,866 --> 00:30:33,752
LIVED THE EXTENDED FAMILY
OF BUFFALO BIRD WOMAN

423
00:30:33,819 --> 00:30:35,821
AND HER BROTHER, WOLF CHIEF.

424
00:30:35,888 --> 00:30:40,826
THEY WERE GRANDCHILDREN
OF AN IMPORTANT HIDATSA ELDER,

425
00:30:40,893 --> 00:30:42,994
THE KEEPER
OF A SACRED MEDICINE BUNDLE --

426
00:30:43,061 --> 00:30:45,448
TWO HUMAN SKULLS
WRAPPED IN A BLANKET,

427
00:30:45,514 --> 00:30:48,550
PASSED ALONG FOR GENERATIONS

428
00:30:48,616 --> 00:30:51,270
AND USED
THROUGHOUT HIDATSA HISTORY

429
00:30:51,336 --> 00:30:54,890
TO INVOKE THE HELP OF SPIRITS
IN WAR, HUNTING,

430
00:30:54,957 --> 00:30:58,310
AND ESPECIALLY IN BRINGING RAIN
FOR THEIR CROPS.

431
00:30:58,376 --> 00:31:02,814
BUFFALO BIRD WOMAN'S MOTHER
HAD TAUGHT HER

432
00:31:02,881 --> 00:31:04,884
THE SPECIAL CEREMONIES
FOR MAKING AN EARTH LODGE --

433
00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:08,804
A SKILL THAT EARNED HER
MANY BUFFALO ROBES

434
00:31:08,871 --> 00:31:10,155
FROM OTHER FAMILIES.

435
00:31:10,221 --> 00:31:14,360
BUT NOW THE GOVERNMENT
INSISTED THAT HER PEOPLE

436
00:31:14,426 --> 00:31:17,579
LIVE IN SQUARE CABINS.

437
00:31:17,646 --> 00:31:18,797
BUILDING A HOUSE, SHE WAS TOLD,

438
00:31:18,863 --> 00:31:21,817
WAS NOW A MAN'S JOB
AND NO LONGER SACRED.

439
00:31:21,884 --> 00:31:27,573
TO TRY TO PLEASE HER,
HER HUSBAND PLACED THEIR STOVE

440
00:31:27,639 --> 00:31:28,573
IN THE CENTER OF THE HOUSE,

441
00:31:28,658 --> 00:31:32,211
WHERE AN EARTH LODGE FIRE
WOULD HAVE BEEN,

442
00:31:32,277 --> 00:31:36,031
BUT FOR BUFFALO BIRD WOMAN
IT WAS NEVER THE SAME.

443
00:31:38,850 --> 00:31:42,888
Buffalo Bird Woman:I THINK
THE OLD WAY OF RAISING CORN

444
00:31:42,955 --> 00:31:46,591
IS BETTER THAN THE NEW WAY
TAUGHT US BY WHITE MEN.

445
00:31:46,658 --> 00:31:50,313
LAST YEAR, OUR AGENT
HELD AN AGRICULTURAL FAIR,

446
00:31:50,379 --> 00:31:54,449
AND WE INDIANS COMPETED
FOR PRIZES FOR THE BEST CORN.

447
00:31:54,516 --> 00:31:59,888
THE CORN WHICH I SENT TO
THE FAIR TOOK THE FIRST PRIZE.

448
00:31:59,955 --> 00:32:05,310
I CULTIVATED THE CORN
EXACTLY AS IN THE OLD TIMES --

449
00:32:05,377 --> 00:32:07,312
WITH A HOE.

450
00:32:07,379 --> 00:32:12,967
Narrator: BUFFALO BIRD WOMAN
SPOKE ONLY HER NATIVE LANGUAGE,

451
00:32:13,035 --> 00:32:15,204
AND SHUNNED
THE WAYS OF WHITE PEOPLE.

452
00:32:15,270 --> 00:32:18,457
WHEN HER HUSBAND DIED IN 1906,

453
00:32:18,523 --> 00:32:21,026
SHE MOURNED
IN THE TRADITIONAL WAY --

454
00:32:21,092 --> 00:32:23,346
SHE CUT HER HAIR SHORT
AND WORE IT LOOSE,

455
00:32:23,412 --> 00:32:26,965
AND SLICED OFF THE TIP
OF HER LITTLE FINGER.

456
00:32:32,855 --> 00:32:36,008
OFTEN IN SUMMER
I RISE AT DAYBREAK

457
00:32:36,075 --> 00:32:39,494
AND STEAL OUT
TO THE CORNFIELDS,

458
00:32:39,561 --> 00:32:41,897
AND AS I HOLD THE CORN,

459
00:32:41,964 --> 00:32:46,035
I SING TO IT AS WE DID
WHEN I WAS YOUNG.

460
00:32:46,101 --> 00:32:50,022
NO ONE CARES
FOR OUR CORN SONGS NOW.

461
00:32:50,105 --> 00:32:54,710
SOMETIMES AT EVENING
I SIT LOOKING OUT

462
00:32:54,777 --> 00:32:58,197
ON THE BIG MISSOURI.

463
00:32:58,264 --> 00:33:02,068
THE SUN SETS
AND DUSK STEALS OVER THE WATER.

464
00:33:02,134 --> 00:33:07,039
IN THE SHADOWS, I SEEM AGAIN
TO SEE OUR INDIAN VILLAGE

465
00:33:07,105 --> 00:33:12,394
WITH SMOKE CURLING UPWARD
FROM THE EARTH LODGES.

466
00:33:12,461 --> 00:33:14,964
AND IN THE RIVER'S ROAR,

467
00:33:15,030 --> 00:33:18,550
I HEAR THE YELLS
OF THE WARRIORS,

468
00:33:18,617 --> 00:33:23,021
AND THE LAUGHTER
OF THE CHILDREN AS OF OLD,

469
00:33:23,105 --> 00:33:26,842
AND IT IS
BUT AN OLD WOMAN'S DREAM.

470
00:33:26,909 --> 00:33:30,228
AGAIN, I SEE BUT SHADOWS

471
00:33:30,312 --> 00:33:35,650
AND HEAR ONLY THE ROAR
OF THE RIVER,

472
00:33:35,717 --> 00:33:38,236
TEARS COME INTO MY EYES.

473
00:33:38,303 --> 00:33:45,494
OUR INDIAN LIFE
I KNOW IS GONE FOREVER --

474
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:47,896
BUFFALO BIRD WOMAN.

475
00:33:55,921 --> 00:34:00,359
MY PEOPLE OFTEN TALK
AGAINST ME AND LAUGH

476
00:34:00,425 --> 00:34:05,097
AND SAY, "THAT MAN WANTS
TO BE A WHITE MAN."

477
00:34:05,163 --> 00:34:09,651
BUT I WANT TO BE STRONG
AND GO FORWARD --

478
00:34:09,718 --> 00:34:11,102
WOLF CHIEF.

479
00:34:11,187 --> 00:34:15,924
Narrator: UNLIKE HIS SISTER,
WHO RESISTED ANY CHANGE,

480
00:34:15,990 --> 00:34:19,644
WOLF CHIEF
WAS QUICK TO ADOPT NEW WAYS,

481
00:34:19,711 --> 00:34:23,148
NOT JUST TO SURVIVE,
BUT TO SUCCEED.

482
00:34:23,215 --> 00:34:28,670
AT AGE 30, HE HAD DECIDED TO
LEARN THE WHITE MAN'S LANGUAGE.

483
00:34:28,737 --> 00:34:32,790
Wolf Chief:WHEN INDIANS COME TO
A WHITE MAN'S STORE FOR BACON

484
00:34:32,875 --> 00:34:35,711
AND THINK
HE CANNOT UNDERSTAND THEM,

485
00:34:35,778 --> 00:34:40,382
THEY MAKE SIGNS LIKE
A FLAT, CURLED-UP NOSE FOR PIG

486
00:34:40,449 --> 00:34:44,035
AND GO "URR-URR" -- GRUNTING.

487
00:34:44,102 --> 00:34:48,657
BUT WHENIGO TO A STORE,
I SAY "BACON"

488
00:34:48,723 --> 00:34:51,293
AND GET IT RIGHT AWAY.

489
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,395
Narrator:
SOON, HE OPENED HIS OWN STORE,

490
00:34:54,462 --> 00:34:57,649
BUT WHEN
THE RESERVATION AGENT'S BROTHER

491
00:34:57,733 --> 00:35:00,135
DECIDED TO GET
INTO THE BUSINESS,

492
00:35:00,202 --> 00:35:03,038
WOLF CHIEF
WAS PRESSURED TO CLOSE IT.

493
00:35:03,105 --> 00:35:05,624
INSTEAD HE WROTE TO WASHINGTON.

494
00:35:05,690 --> 00:35:09,227
TO THE COMMISSIONER
OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

495
00:35:09,294 --> 00:35:13,532
MY DEAR SIR, THE PRESENT AGENT,
JOHN S. MURPHY,

496
00:35:13,599 --> 00:35:18,720
BOTHERED ME IN EVERY WAY TO
KEEP ME FROM KEEPING A STORE.

497
00:35:18,787 --> 00:35:24,009
HE DID NOT DO A SINGLE ACT
THAT WILL ENCOURAGE ME IN THIS.

498
00:35:24,075 --> 00:35:28,747
I THINK IT'S AN HONORABLE WAY
OF MAKING MY LIVING.

499
00:35:28,814 --> 00:35:32,817
YOURS RESPECTFULLY,
MR. WOLF C. CHIEF.

500
00:35:32,902 --> 00:35:36,238
Narrator: A FEDERAL INSPECTOR
WAS DISPATCHED.

501
00:35:36,304 --> 00:35:40,191
EVENTUALLY, THE AGENT'S BROTHER
HAD TO CLOSE HIS STORE.

502
00:35:40,258 --> 00:35:42,327
WOLF CHIEF'S STAYED OPEN.

503
00:35:42,394 --> 00:35:46,181
BUT HE KEPT WRITING LETTERS
TO WASHINGTON --

504
00:35:46,248 --> 00:35:49,501
MORE THAN 100
BEFORE HE WAS THROUGH.

505
00:35:49,567 --> 00:35:55,357
FORT BERTHHOLD, DAKOTA
TERRITORY, MARCH, 1882.

506
00:35:55,424 --> 00:35:59,861
TO THE GREAT FATHER
CHESTER ARTHUR,

507
00:35:59,912 --> 00:36:02,063
WASHINGTON, D.C.

508
00:36:02,114 --> 00:36:05,968
MY NAME IS WOLF CHIEF.
I AM POOR.

509
00:36:06,035 --> 00:36:09,638
MY AGENT IS BAD.
HE TELLS LIES.

510
00:36:09,704 --> 00:36:13,792
HE SAYS I AM BAD
BECAUSE I WRITE...

511
00:36:13,858 --> 00:36:15,443
DECEMBER, 1888.

512
00:36:15,510 --> 00:36:19,230
DEAR GREAT FATHER,
GROVER CLEVELAND,

513
00:36:19,297 --> 00:36:22,251
I WANT TO SPEAK FOR MY PEOPLE.

514
00:36:22,317 --> 00:36:26,754
THE FROST CAME
AND NOW WE HAVE NO CROP AT ALL,

515
00:36:26,821 --> 00:36:28,923
AND WE DO NOT KNOW...

516
00:36:28,990 --> 00:36:30,792
APRIL 29, 1891.

517
00:36:30,842 --> 00:36:33,695
PRESIDENT BENJAMIN HARRISON,

518
00:36:33,762 --> 00:36:39,117
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
AT WASHINGTON, D.C.

519
00:36:39,184 --> 00:36:41,386
MY DEAR FRIEND, SIR,

520
00:36:41,453 --> 00:36:45,590
OUR SCHOOLHOUSES
ARE VERY OLD INDEED.

521
00:36:45,657 --> 00:36:49,795
NO GOOD WHITE MAN
WOULD KEEP CHILDREN

522
00:36:49,861 --> 00:36:53,915
IN SUCH BAD
AND DANGEROUS BUILDINGS.

523
00:36:53,982 --> 00:36:58,086
PLEASE, I WISH
TO HEAR FROM YOU SOON.

524
00:36:58,153 --> 00:37:02,458
I AM YOUR FRIEND,
MR. WOLF C. CHIEF.

525
00:37:02,524 --> 00:37:06,277
Narrator: WOLF CHIEF CONVERTED
TO CHRISTIANITY,

526
00:37:06,344 --> 00:37:11,183
AND DONATED 10 ACRES OF LAND
FOR A CHAPEL CLOSE TO HIS CABIN.

527
00:37:11,249 --> 00:37:14,436
BUT IN AN OLD EARTH LODGE
NEAR HIS HOUSE

528
00:37:14,503 --> 00:37:16,671
WAS THE SACRED MEDICINE BUNDLE

529
00:37:16,738 --> 00:37:19,674
THAT HAD BELONGED
TO HIS GRANDFATHER.

530
00:37:19,741 --> 00:37:24,663
MISSIONARIES AND INDIAN AGENTS
HAD URGED WOLF CHIEF

531
00:37:24,730 --> 00:37:26,481
TO DESTROY IT.

532
00:37:26,531 --> 00:37:28,933
HE HAD REFUSED OUT OF RESPECT
FOR HIS ANCESTORS,

533
00:37:31,069 --> 00:37:36,424
BUT HE ALSO WORRIED THAT
NEGLECTING THE MEDICINE BUNDLE

534
00:37:36,491 --> 00:37:39,261
WHILE HE PRACTICED CHRISTIANITY

535
00:37:39,327 --> 00:37:44,149
WOULD ANGER BOTH HIS OLD GODS
AND HIS NEW ONE.

536
00:37:44,215 --> 00:37:48,954
IN 1907, HE SOLD THE RELIC
TO AN ANTHROPOLOGIST

537
00:37:49,021 --> 00:37:52,790
WHO PLACED IT
IN A NEW YORK MUSEUM.

538
00:37:52,857 --> 00:37:56,528
WOLF CHIEF KEPT WRITING LETTERS
TO WASHINGTON

539
00:37:56,595 --> 00:37:58,896
FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY.

540
00:37:58,981 --> 00:38:01,917
HIS LAST ONE
DESCRIBED THE DROUGHT

541
00:38:01,984 --> 00:38:05,853
THAT WAS TURNING THE PLAINS
INTO A DUST BOWL.

542
00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:07,589
WHEN WOLF CHIEF DIED,

543
00:38:07,656 --> 00:38:12,061
THE HIDATSA PETITIONED THE
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN

544
00:38:12,127 --> 00:38:15,864
FOR THE RETURN
OF THE SACRED MEDICINE BUNDLE.

545
00:38:15,930 --> 00:38:20,069
IN 1938, THE BUNDLE
WAS SENT BACK TO THE TRIBE,

546
00:38:20,135 --> 00:38:24,372
ONE OF THE FIRST SACRED
INDIAN OBJECTS EVER RETURNED

547
00:38:24,439 --> 00:38:27,409
TO THE PEOPLE WHO REVERED THEM.

548
00:38:27,475 --> 00:38:30,094
[ THUNDER RUMBLES ]

549
00:38:30,161 --> 00:38:37,452
THAT SUMMER,
RAIN FELL AGAIN ON THE PLAINS.

550
00:38:37,519 --> 00:38:40,672
[ RAIN FALLS ]

551
00:38:53,402 --> 00:38:57,089
I START IN THE WINTER
WITH 11,500 SHEEP,

552
00:38:57,155 --> 00:38:59,491
200 CATTLE, AND 100 HORSES,

553
00:38:59,557 --> 00:39:03,495
BESIDES CATS, DOGS,
CHICKENS, GEESE, ET CETERA.

554
00:39:03,561 --> 00:39:05,079
I AM ONCE MORE IN DEBT,

555
00:39:05,146 --> 00:39:08,233
BUT IF MY SEASON OF BAD LUCK
HAS COME TO AN END

556
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:10,636
AND THE WINTER
IS NOT TOO SEVERE,

557
00:39:10,702 --> 00:39:14,089
I WILL COME OUT WITH
FLYING COLORS IN THE SPRING.

558
00:39:14,156 --> 00:39:17,543
I HOPE THIS YEAR
WILL SEE THINGS

559
00:39:17,609 --> 00:39:22,013
ON THE RIGHT SIDE
OF THE LEDGER ONCE MORE --

560
00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:23,615
JOHN G. LOVE.

561
00:39:26,935 --> 00:39:30,121
Narrator: AFTER THEIR
RAIN-SOAKED HONEYMOON,

562
00:39:30,188 --> 00:39:34,493
JOHN AND ETHEL LOVE MOVED INTO
THE HOUSE HE HAD BUILT FOR HER

563
00:39:34,559 --> 00:39:35,910
ON MUSKRAT CREEK.

564
00:39:35,961 --> 00:39:39,715
HIS RANCH WAS MORE REMOTE,
MORE BARREN

565
00:39:39,781 --> 00:39:43,685
THAN ANYTHING ETHEL
HAD EVER SEEN BEFORE.

566
00:39:43,752 --> 00:39:47,172
IN AN AREA
THE SIZE OF RHODE ISLAND,

567
00:39:47,238 --> 00:39:50,892
THE LOVES
WERE THE ONLY INHABITANTS.

568
00:39:50,959 --> 00:39:54,846
WE LIVE THE RANCHIEST KIND
OF RANCH LIFE.

569
00:39:54,913 --> 00:39:58,533
THE SHEER ALONE-NESS
OF IT IS UNIQUE --

570
00:39:58,599 --> 00:40:02,270
NEVER A LIGHT
BUT ONE'S OWN AT NIGHT.

571
00:40:02,337 --> 00:40:07,559
NO SMOKE FROM ANOTHER'S FIRE
IN SIGHT --

572
00:40:07,625 --> 00:40:10,062
ETHEL WAXHAM LOVE.

573
00:40:10,128 --> 00:40:12,297
Narrator: JOHN LOVE'S DREAM

574
00:40:12,364 --> 00:40:16,500
WAS TO BUILD A PROSPEROUS FUTURE
FOR HIS NEW WIFE --

575
00:40:16,568 --> 00:40:19,955
BIG HERDS OF LIVESTOCK,
ABUNDANT ORCHARDS,

576
00:40:20,022 --> 00:40:22,523
AND IRRIGATED FIELDS OF GRAIN.

577
00:40:22,574 --> 00:40:26,828
BUT DURING
THEIR FIRST WINTER TOGETHER,

578
00:40:26,879 --> 00:40:31,199
THE LOVES LOST 8,000 SHEEP
AND 50 CATTLE.

579
00:40:31,249 --> 00:40:34,052
ETHEL LOST A BABY.

580
00:40:37,638 --> 00:40:39,958
STILL THEY MANAGED TO COMPLETE

581
00:40:40,025 --> 00:40:43,027
ONE IRRIGATION DAM
NEAR THEIR HOME

582
00:40:43,094 --> 00:40:46,932
AND TO BEGIN WORK
ON A LARGER ONE DOWNSTREAM.

583
00:40:46,998 --> 00:40:49,684
BUT THE NEXT WINTER
WAS THE WORST

584
00:40:49,751 --> 00:40:52,754
SINCE THE GREAT DIE-UP
OF THE 1880s.

585
00:40:52,820 --> 00:40:56,458
ETHEL, PREGNANT AGAIN,
HAD LEFT JOHN ALONE

586
00:40:56,524 --> 00:40:59,161
AND GONE TO DENVER
FOR THE BIRTH.

587
00:40:59,227 --> 00:41:02,480
SHE AND THE BABY,
A SON NAMED ALLAN,

588
00:41:02,547 --> 00:41:06,885
HAD JUST RETURNED
WHEN THE SPRING FLOODS BEGAN.

589
00:41:06,969 --> 00:41:09,971
Ethel:BLACK CLOUDS,
THUNDER AND LIGHTNING

590
00:41:10,037 --> 00:41:13,091
SHOWED HEAVY RAINS
UP THE CREEK,

591
00:41:13,158 --> 00:41:16,861
ALTHOUGH WE HAD ONLY SHOWERS
ABOUT THE HOUSE.

592
00:41:16,928 --> 00:41:21,366
ALL THAT AFTERNOON
JOHN HAD BEEN CHANTING HAPPILY,

593
00:41:21,433 --> 00:41:23,268
"ROLL, JORDAN, ROLL,"

594
00:41:23,335 --> 00:41:28,173
IN ANTICIPATION OF WATER
TO FILL THE SMALL RESERVOIRS.

595
00:41:28,239 --> 00:41:35,363
I FED THE BABY
AND WENT TO BED ABOUT 9:00.

596
00:41:35,430 --> 00:41:38,649
THEN JORDAN ROLLED.

597
00:41:38,716 --> 00:41:40,985
Man: THERE WAS A VIOLENT STORM

598
00:41:41,069 --> 00:41:45,773
AND A LOT OF FLOODWATER
CAME DOWN MUSKRAT CREEK,

599
00:41:45,840 --> 00:41:50,995
AND IT INVADED THE HOUSE
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT.

600
00:41:51,062 --> 00:41:55,700
AND MOTHER GOT UP OUT OF BED
AND TOOK THE BABY IN HER ARMS

601
00:41:55,767 --> 00:41:59,637
AND STAGGERED THROUGH THE MUD
UP ONTO THE HILL

602
00:41:59,704 --> 00:42:02,174
TO THE HONEYMOON SHEEP WAGON,

603
00:42:02,240 --> 00:42:07,062
AND MY FATHER TRIED TO KEEP THE
FLOODWATERS OUT OF THE HOUSE,

604
00:42:07,128 --> 00:42:09,731
BUT TO NO AVAIL,
AND THEY CAME IN

605
00:42:09,798 --> 00:42:15,436
ABOUT 2 1/2 TO 3 FEET DEEP,
JUST SWIRLING THROUGH THE HOUSE.

606
00:42:18,556 --> 00:42:22,160
Ethel:AT DAYLIGHT,
WE RETURNED TO THE HOUSE.

607
00:42:22,226 --> 00:42:24,996
STENCH, WRECKAGE, AND DEBRIS
MET US.

608
00:42:25,063 --> 00:42:28,349
THE FLOOD HAD BURST OPEN
THE FRONT DOOR

609
00:42:28,416 --> 00:42:31,202
AND SWEPT
A TUB FULL OF RAIN WATER

610
00:42:31,269 --> 00:42:33,205
INTO THE DINING ROOM.

611
00:42:33,271 --> 00:42:38,660
CHAIRS AND OTHER FURNITURE
WERE OVERTURNED IN DEEP MUD.

612
00:42:38,727 --> 00:42:41,029
MATTRESSES HAD FLOATED.

613
00:42:41,096 --> 00:42:46,118
KITCHENWARE, GROCERIES,
AND SILVERWARE WERE FILTHY.

614
00:42:46,184 --> 00:42:50,071
Narrator: BANKERS FROM THE TOWN
OF LANDER SHOWED UP,

615
00:42:50,138 --> 00:42:53,424
SURVEYED THE DAMAGE,
AND BRUSQUELY ANNOUNCED

616
00:42:53,491 --> 00:42:57,462
THAT THEY WERE FORECLOSING
ON LOVE'S LIVESTOCK LOANS.

617
00:42:57,529 --> 00:43:00,498
Ethel:
THE AFTERMATH CAME QUICKLY.

618
00:43:00,565 --> 00:43:02,817
BUYERS ARRIVED TO TAKE OVER

619
00:43:02,884 --> 00:43:06,638
THE SHEEP, SHEEP WAGONS,
DOGS, AND EQUIPMENT.

620
00:43:06,705 --> 00:43:10,641
JOHN PAID HIS OWN COWBOYS,
AND THEY DEPARTED.

621
00:43:10,708 --> 00:43:13,695
BEFORE HE LEFT,
THE BANKER ASKED,

622
00:43:13,761 --> 00:43:16,731
"WHAT WILL YOU DO
WITH THE BABY?"

623
00:43:16,798 --> 00:43:19,851
I SAID,
"I THINK I'LL KEEP HIM."

624
00:43:38,035 --> 00:43:42,707
AFTER THE FLOOD MY FATHER WAS,
OF COURSE, DEVASTATED.

625
00:43:42,774 --> 00:43:46,461
ALL HIS DREAMS
HAD GONE DOWN THE DRAIN.

626
00:43:46,528 --> 00:43:54,902
AND SO HE TOLD MY MOTHER
THAT HE WOULDN'T BLAME HER

627
00:43:54,969 --> 00:43:57,889
IF SHE LEFT HIM.

628
00:43:57,956 --> 00:44:04,212
SHE SAID,
"I WILL NEVER LEAVE YOU."

629
00:44:11,870 --> 00:44:14,989
Narrator: THEY WENT BACK
TO LIVING IN A SHEEP WAGON

630
00:44:15,056 --> 00:44:17,525
WHILE THEY CLEANED OUT
THE FLOOD WRECKAGE

631
00:44:17,592 --> 00:44:19,127
AND BEGAN REBUILDING.

632
00:44:19,193 --> 00:44:24,032
A SECOND SON, DAVID, WAS BORN,
AND BY THE NEXT YEAR,

633
00:44:24,099 --> 00:44:27,802
THE BIG DAM DOWNSTREAM
WAS FINISHED.

634
00:44:27,868 --> 00:44:29,787
Ethel:WE HAD A LULLING SENSE

635
00:44:29,854 --> 00:44:32,256
OF SATISFACTION
AND ANTICIPATION,

636
00:44:32,341 --> 00:44:35,627
AWAITING A REAL TEST
OF THE DAM'S STRENGTH.

637
00:44:35,694 --> 00:44:39,213
THE SKY IN THE WEST WAS
BLACKENED BY A HAIL STORM.

638
00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:42,667
IT FILLED THE DAM,
OVERFLOWING THE SPILLWAY.

639
00:44:42,734 --> 00:44:47,205
UNDER THE PRESSURE,
THE DAM BURST.

640
00:44:47,272 --> 00:44:48,857
[ WATER RUSHING ]

641
00:44:48,923 --> 00:44:53,594
JOHN SALVAGED FIVE LOADS OF RYE
AND MORE OF WINTER WHEAT.

642
00:44:53,661 --> 00:44:55,863
THIS WAS ALL HE HAD TO SHOW

643
00:44:55,930 --> 00:44:59,767
FOR HIS YEARS OF EXPENSIVE
EFFORT ON THE DAM.

644
00:44:59,834 --> 00:45:03,388
"LOVE'S LABOR LOST"
WAS HIS SUMMARY.

645
00:45:03,454 --> 00:45:07,425
Narrator:
JOHN LOVE WAS 43 YEARS OLD.

646
00:45:07,492 --> 00:45:11,245
ALL OF HIS WORK
HAD ENDED IN RUIN.

647
00:45:11,312 --> 00:45:16,033
HE HIRED HIMSELF OUT
AS A COMMON SHEEPHERDER

648
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:21,089
FOR $40 A MONTH
AND STARTED OVER YET AGAIN.

649
00:45:26,261 --> 00:45:29,180
Ethel:TO THE WELLESLEY
COLLEGE RECORD --

650
00:45:29,247 --> 00:45:32,533
I HAVE BEEN BUSY TRYING
TO GET SOME RAW MATERIAL

651
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:34,135
IN SHAPE FOR YOU,

652
00:45:34,202 --> 00:45:37,555
AND THIS REPORT IS LATE
BECAUSE THE RAW MATERIAL

653
00:45:37,621 --> 00:45:39,140
HAS BEEN TEETHING.

654
00:45:39,207 --> 00:45:42,443
Narrator: ETHEL CONCENTRATED
ON THE CHILDREN --

655
00:45:42,510 --> 00:45:47,315
THREE, NOW THAT A DAUGHTER,
PHOEBE, HAD BEEN BORN.

656
00:45:47,381 --> 00:45:49,550
Ethel:WE KEEP OPEN HOUSE
FOR ALL WHO PASS.

657
00:45:49,617 --> 00:45:53,688
"WHEN DID YOU EAT LAST?"
IS THE CORRECT GREETING.

658
00:45:53,755 --> 00:45:57,041
David: ONE OF THE RIDERS
WHO CAME THROUGH

659
00:45:57,108 --> 00:45:59,310
WAS A CHAP NAMED BILL GRACE,

660
00:45:59,377 --> 00:46:04,365
AND HE HAD BEEN RATHER LIVELY
AS A YOUNG MAN,

661
00:46:04,432 --> 00:46:07,052
AND HAD KILLED SOMEBODY,

662
00:46:07,118 --> 00:46:12,189
AND HAD BEEN SENT
TO THE PENITENTIARY FOR IT.

663
00:46:12,256 --> 00:46:16,878
BUT HE WAS, HE WAS A DECENT SORT
AND AS MY FATHER SAID,

664
00:46:16,945 --> 00:46:19,446
THE MAN NEEDED KILLING ANYWAY.

665
00:46:19,514 --> 00:46:23,985
BUT WE LITTLE BOYS, WE WERE
ABOUT 10 OR 11 YEARS OLD,

666
00:46:24,052 --> 00:46:26,121
AND WE WERE KIND OF AWED

667
00:46:26,187 --> 00:46:29,740
TO BE IN THE PRESENCE
OF THIS MURDERER.

668
00:46:29,825 --> 00:46:36,497
AND IT JUST HAPPENED THAT THAT
DAY THAT HE WAS AT THE RANCH

669
00:46:36,564 --> 00:46:39,868
WE HAD BEEN OUT
IN THE CASTLE GARDENS

670
00:46:39,934 --> 00:46:43,321
AND HAD FOUND
AN ENORMOUS RATTLESNAKE.

671
00:46:43,404 --> 00:46:49,160
IT WAS 5' 9" WITHOUT THE HEAD,
AND THAT'S A BIG RATTLESNAKE,

672
00:46:49,227 --> 00:46:52,146
AND IT WAS BEAUTIFUL
AND WE SKINNED IT OUT

673
00:46:52,213 --> 00:46:55,182
'CAUSE WE WANTED THE SKIN.

674
00:46:55,249 --> 00:46:56,817
AND THEN WE SAW
ALL THIS BEAUTIFUL MEAT,

675
00:46:56,885 --> 00:46:59,604
AND WE THOUGHT, "WELL, IT WILL
MAKE A GOOD SUPPER"

676
00:46:59,670 --> 00:47:04,342
SO, WE BROUGHT IT IN AND MOTHER
TOOK THE BONES OUT OF IT,

677
00:47:04,408 --> 00:47:07,795
AND CREAMED IT,
AND SERVED IT ON TOAST.

678
00:47:07,862 --> 00:47:12,167
AND IT WAS GOOD AND EVERYBODY
WAS DELIGHTED WITH IT,

679
00:47:12,233 --> 00:47:16,770
ESPECIALLY BILL GRACE, WHO
HADN'T HAD ANYTHING LIKE THAT

680
00:47:16,837 --> 00:47:18,673
PROBABLY IN HIS LIFE.

681
00:47:18,739 --> 00:47:21,342
WE BOYS WERE TOLD
NOT TO SAY ANYTHING

682
00:47:21,409 --> 00:47:23,811
ABOUT THIS BEING
RATTLESNAKE MEAT,

683
00:47:23,878 --> 00:47:25,847
'CAUSE IT MIGHT OFFEND BILL.

684
00:47:25,914 --> 00:47:27,415
SO, WE DIDN'T.

685
00:47:27,482 --> 00:47:31,436
BUT WE COULDN'T REALLY QUITE
STAY AWAY FROM THE THOUGHT,

686
00:47:31,502 --> 00:47:35,106
AND SO WE WERE TALKING
ABOUT RATTLESNAKE MEAT

687
00:47:35,173 --> 00:47:37,074
AND HOW GOOD IT COULD BE.

688
00:47:37,141 --> 00:47:41,195
AND BILL GRACE
STRUCK HIS FIST ON THE TABLE,

689
00:47:41,262 --> 00:47:45,466
AND HE SAID, "IF ANYBODY FED ME
RATTLESNAKE MEAT

690
00:47:45,533 --> 00:47:47,168
I WOULD KILL 'EM."

691
00:47:47,235 --> 00:47:49,703
AND THERE WAS A DEAD SILENCE,

692
00:47:49,770 --> 00:47:54,326
AND THEN MOTHER PASSED THE PLATE
OF RATTLESNAKE MEAT

693
00:47:54,392 --> 00:47:58,313
AND SAID,
"HAVE SOME MORE CHICKEN, BILL."

694
00:48:09,107 --> 00:48:13,812
Narrator: AS THE YEARS PASSED,
THERE WERE STILL MORE SETBACKS.

695
00:48:13,878 --> 00:48:17,431
FIRE DESTROYED
ONE OF THE RANCH BUILDINGS.

696
00:48:17,482 --> 00:48:22,353
A WYOMING OIL BOOM
PASSED THEM BY.

697
00:48:22,420 --> 00:48:25,272
ONE YEAR,
SHIPPING CATTLE TO OMAHA

698
00:48:25,339 --> 00:48:30,278
ENDED UP COSTING LOVE $27 MORE
THAN HE SOLD THEM FOR.

699
00:48:30,344 --> 00:48:33,714
DISEASE TOOK ANOTHER SHEEP HERD.

700
00:48:33,781 --> 00:48:39,370
A BANK FAILED, AND WITH IT
WENT THE FAMILY SAVINGS.

701
00:48:39,436 --> 00:48:45,827
JOHN AND ETHEL LOVE STAYED ON
AT MUSKRAT CREEK FOR 37 YEARS,

702
00:48:45,893 --> 00:48:51,749
AND WATCHED THEIR CHILDREN GROW,
GO OFF TO COLLEGE, AND SUCCEED.

703
00:48:51,816 --> 00:48:56,571
PHOEBE BECAME A CHEMIST,
ALLAN A DESIGN ENGINEER,

704
00:48:56,637 --> 00:49:00,825
AND DAVID A GEOLOGIST.

705
00:49:00,892 --> 00:49:04,445
David: WHEN THEY LEFT THE RANCH
FOR THE FINAL TIME,

706
00:49:04,495 --> 00:49:06,481
THEY REALLY HAD NO CHOICE.

707
00:49:06,547 --> 00:49:13,003
THEY WERE BOTH SICK,
THEY COULDN'T GET ANY HELP,

708
00:49:13,070 --> 00:49:19,443
THE CATTLE BUSINESS
WAS BEING BUREAUCRATISIZED,

709
00:49:19,510 --> 00:49:25,366
AND THEIR FUTURE ON THE RANCH
WAS NOTHING.

710
00:49:25,433 --> 00:49:29,253
SO, THEY WERE
RESIGNED TO THEIR FATE,

711
00:49:29,337 --> 00:49:34,976
KNOWING THAT THEY WEREN'T GOING
TO LIVE MUCH LONGER.

712
00:49:35,043 --> 00:49:40,382
MOTHER, PARTICULARLY,
WHEN SHE LEFT SHE SAID THAT,

713
00:49:40,448 --> 00:49:45,653
"AT LEAST I LEFT IT CLEAN
FOR THE NEXT PEOPLE."

714
00:49:47,622 --> 00:49:52,343
Narrator:
JOHN LOVE DIED IN 1950.

715
00:49:52,410 --> 00:49:55,863
ETHEL JOINED HIM IN 1959.

716
00:49:55,929 --> 00:50:00,535
David:
I THINK A LOT ABOUT MY FATHER,

717
00:50:00,601 --> 00:50:06,474
AND IN MANY WAYS
HE IS TYPICAL OF THE SURVIVORS.

718
00:50:06,541 --> 00:50:12,013
AFTER THE 1919 WINTER
THAT PRETTY MUCH WIPED US OUT,

719
00:50:12,080 --> 00:50:16,717
HE AND I BOTH HAD TO LEARN
TO WALK AGAIN,

720
00:50:16,784 --> 00:50:23,224
'CAUSE WE HAD SPANISH INFLUENZA,
AND WE WERE SICK ALL WINTER.

721
00:50:23,291 --> 00:50:27,879
I CAN STILL REMEMBER US
STANDING TOGETHER,

722
00:50:27,945 --> 00:50:30,798
EACH LEANING ON THE OTHER,

723
00:50:30,865 --> 00:50:36,003
THIS 6-YEAR-OLD BOY
AND THE 50-YEAR-OLD MAN,

724
00:50:36,069 --> 00:50:41,459
AND HIS SAYING,
"WELL, LADDIE, WE CAN MAKE IT."

725
00:50:41,543 --> 00:50:44,462
SO, OF COURSE, WE DID.

726
00:51:01,062 --> 00:51:03,297
Chief Joseph:
WHENEVER THE WHITE MAN

727
00:51:03,364 --> 00:51:06,100
TREATS THE INDIAN
AS THEY TREAT EACH,

728
00:51:06,167 --> 00:51:09,403
THEN WE WILL HAVE NO MORE WARS.

729
00:51:09,470 --> 00:51:11,639
WE SHALL ALL BE ALIKE --

730
00:51:11,706 --> 00:51:15,376
BROTHERS OF ONE FATHER
AND ONE MOTHER,

731
00:51:15,443 --> 00:51:19,914
WITH ONE SKY ABOVE US
AND ONE COUNTRY AROUND US,

732
00:51:19,981 --> 00:51:22,616
AND ONE GOVERNMENT FOR ALL.

733
00:51:22,683 --> 00:51:27,122
THEN THE GREAT SPIRIT
WHO RULES ABOVE

734
00:51:27,188 --> 00:51:30,592
WILL SMILE UPON THIS LAND,

735
00:51:30,658 --> 00:51:34,662
AND ALL PEOPLE
MAY BE ONE PEOPLE.

736
00:51:34,729 --> 00:51:38,933
HIN-MAH-TOO-YAH-LAT-KEKHT
HAS SPOKEN

737
00:51:38,999 --> 00:51:40,968
FOR HIS PEOPLE.

738
00:51:41,035 --> 00:51:50,344
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

739
00:51:50,411 --> 00:51:54,782
Man: I THINK OF CHIEF JOSEPH
AS THE PEACEMAKER.

740
00:51:54,849 --> 00:51:58,602
HE'S A MAN OF PEACE.
HE ABHORS VIOLENCE.

741
00:51:58,669 --> 00:52:03,958
HE DOESN'T WANT TO FIGHT --
"I WILL FIGHT NO MORE FOREVER."

742
00:52:04,024 --> 00:52:09,380
HE WAS ALWAYS A PEACEMAKER,
AND LORD KNOWS HE WAS PROVOKED.

743
00:52:09,446 --> 00:52:12,816
ANOTHER KIND OF MAN
COULD NOT HAVE REMAINED

744
00:52:12,883 --> 00:52:16,520
IN CONTROL OF HIMSELF,
IN POSSESSION OF HIMSELF.

745
00:52:16,587 --> 00:52:20,374
AND ONE OF JOSEPH'S
GREAT CHARACTERISTICS

746
00:52:20,440 --> 00:52:24,812
IS THAT HE WAS ALWAYS
IN POSSESSION OF HIMSELF.

747
00:52:24,879 --> 00:52:29,250
Narrator: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS
AFTER FIGHTING HIS RELUCTANT WAR

748
00:52:29,316 --> 00:52:31,051
WITH THE UNITED STATES,

749
00:52:31,118 --> 00:52:34,204
CHIEF JOSEPH
WAS STILL LONGING TO RETURN

750
00:52:34,271 --> 00:52:37,992
TO HIS BELOVED WALLOWA VALLEY
IN EASTERN OREGON.

751
00:52:38,059 --> 00:52:40,878
TWICE HE WENT
TO WASHINGTON, D.C.,

752
00:52:40,945 --> 00:52:42,780
AND MET WITH PRESIDENTS

753
00:52:42,846 --> 00:52:46,334
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
AND WILLIAM McKINLEY.

754
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:49,503
WHENEVER HE SPOKE,
HE IMPRESSED PEOPLE

755
00:52:49,570 --> 00:52:53,641
WITH HIS ELOQUENCE
AND HIS SIMPLE PLEA FOR JUSTICE.

756
00:52:53,708 --> 00:52:58,146
THE SOLDIERS WHO HAD FOUGHT
AGAINST HIM BECAME HIS FRIENDS.

757
00:52:58,212 --> 00:53:01,499
BUFFALO BILL CODY
INVITED HIM TO THE CEREMONIES

758
00:53:01,565 --> 00:53:04,986
DEDICATING GRANT'S TOMB
IN NEW YORK CITY,

759
00:53:05,052 --> 00:53:09,624
AND CALLED HIM "THE GREATEST
INDIAN AMERICA EVER PRODUCED."

760
00:53:09,690 --> 00:53:14,145
THE WHITE SETTLERS
OF THE WALLOWA VALLEY

761
00:53:14,212 --> 00:53:16,481
EVEN NAMED A TOWN FOR HIM.

762
00:53:16,547 --> 00:53:20,852
BUT HIS PEOPLE'S LAND
WAS NOT RETURNED.

763
00:53:26,474 --> 00:53:28,943
LET ME BE A FREE MAN --

764
00:53:29,010 --> 00:53:33,614
FREE TO TRAVEL,
FREE TO STOP, FREE TO WORK,

765
00:53:33,680 --> 00:53:36,768
FREE TO TRADE WHERE I CHOOSE,

766
00:53:36,834 --> 00:53:39,904
FREE TO CHOOSE MY OWN TEACHERS,

767
00:53:39,970 --> 00:53:44,408
FREE TO FOLLOW
THE RELIGION OF MY FATHERS,

768
00:53:44,475 --> 00:53:49,030
FREE TO THINK AND TALK
AND ACT FOR MYSELF,

769
00:53:49,096 --> 00:53:55,402
AND I WILL OBEY EVERY LAW,
OR SUBMIT TO THE PENALTY --

770
00:53:55,469 --> 00:53:57,304
CHIEF JOSEPH.

771
00:54:04,678 --> 00:54:09,266
Narrator: HE STEADFASTLY
PRACTICED HIS DREAMER RELIGION

772
00:54:09,333 --> 00:54:11,351
INSTEAD OF CHRISTIANITY,

773
00:54:11,402 --> 00:54:14,438
KEPT TWO WIVES,
LIVED IN A TEPEE,

774
00:54:14,505 --> 00:54:17,291
AND TOLD ANYONE WHO WOULD LISTEN

775
00:54:17,358 --> 00:54:21,329
THAT THERE WAS NO JUST REASON
HE SHOULD NOT GO HOME

776
00:54:21,395 --> 00:54:24,097
TO WHERE HIS ANCESTORS
WERE BURIED.

777
00:54:24,164 --> 00:54:29,203
ON SEPTEMBER 21, 1904,
STILL IN EXILE,

778
00:54:29,254 --> 00:54:34,776
CHIEF JOSEPH --
HIN-MAH-TOO-YAH-LAT-KEKHT,

779
00:54:34,842 --> 00:54:37,778
THUNDER ROLLING
FROM THE MOUNTAINS --

780
00:54:37,844 --> 00:54:40,765
DIED FROM WHAT
THE ATTENDING PHYSICIAN

781
00:54:40,832 --> 00:54:43,617
CALLED A "BROKEN HEART."

782
00:54:50,858 --> 00:54:57,047
Momaday: THERE WAS A LIEUTENANT
NAMED ERSKINE WOOD,

783
00:54:57,114 --> 00:55:02,636
WHO WAS THE DIARIST
OF THE NEZ PERCE RETREAT,

784
00:55:02,702 --> 00:55:07,525
AND HE CAME
TO ADMIRE JOSEPH GREATLY.

785
00:55:07,591 --> 00:55:12,780
AND AT THE END OF THAT CAMPAIGN,
WHEN JOSEPH WAS IMPRISONED,

786
00:55:12,847 --> 00:55:16,100
THE TWO MEN
BECAME VERY FAST FRIENDS.

787
00:55:16,166 --> 00:55:20,971
AND ERSKINE WOOD
SENT HIS SON TO LIVE WITH JOSEPH

788
00:55:21,038 --> 00:55:22,656
FOR TWO SUMMERS.

789
00:55:22,722 --> 00:55:28,662
AND I MET ERSKINE WOOD JR., WHO
WAS AN OLD MAN WHEN I MET HIM,

790
00:55:28,729 --> 00:55:31,198
AND HE TOLD ME THIS STORY,

791
00:55:31,265 --> 00:55:35,219
WHICH I HAVE A HARD TIME
RECOUNTING.

792
00:55:35,286 --> 00:55:37,655
THE SECOND SUMMER
HE WAS WITH JOSEPH,

793
00:55:37,721 --> 00:55:40,841
HIS FATHER WROTE TO HIM,
THROUGH THE INDIAN AGENT,

794
00:55:40,908 --> 00:55:43,143
AND HE SAID,
"YOU WON'T BE GOING BACK

795
00:55:43,210 --> 00:55:45,112
"TO LIVE WITH JOSEPH ANYMORE.

796
00:55:45,179 --> 00:55:48,098
"THE TIME HAS COME FOR YOU
TO GO OFF TO SCHOOL.

797
00:55:48,165 --> 00:55:50,768
"YOU KNOW, YOU MUST
CHANGE YOUR LIFE,

798
00:55:50,834 --> 00:55:55,522
"AND TELL JOSEPH
THAT YOU WON'T BE COMING BACK,

799
00:55:55,589 --> 00:56:00,844
"AND TELL HIM THAT I WOULD
LIKE TO GIVE HIM A PRESENT,

800
00:56:00,911 --> 00:56:04,898
"A TOKEN OF MY APPRECIATION
AND ESTEEM.

801
00:56:04,965 --> 00:56:07,819
ASK HIM WHAT HE WOULD LIKE."

802
00:56:07,885 --> 00:56:10,220
AND THE BOY KEPT THE LETTER

803
00:56:10,287 --> 00:56:13,607
UNTIL IT WAS TIME FOR HIM
TO LEAVE,

804
00:56:13,674 --> 00:56:17,210
AND JOSEPH AND THE BOY
WERE RIDING OFF

805
00:56:17,277 --> 00:56:19,880
TO THE BLUFFS OF THE COLUMBIA,

806
00:56:19,947 --> 00:56:24,668
WHERE HE WAS, THE BOY WAS GOING
TO RETURN TO PORTLAND,

807
00:56:24,735 --> 00:56:26,870
AND ON THE WAY HE SAID,

808
00:56:26,937 --> 00:56:30,223
"WELL, I'VE RECEIVED A LETTER
FROM MY FATHER,

809
00:56:30,290 --> 00:56:34,295
"AND HE WANTS ME TO TELL YOU
THAT I WON'T BE COMING BACK,

810
00:56:34,361 --> 00:56:36,897
"AND HE WANTS
TO MAKE YOU A GIFT.

811
00:56:36,964 --> 00:56:38,633
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE?"

812
00:56:38,699 --> 00:56:46,324
AND AT THIS POINT,
IN ERSKINE WOOD JR.'S EYES

813
00:56:46,390 --> 00:56:49,777
THERE APPEARED TEARS,

814
00:56:49,843 --> 00:56:55,065
AND HE SAID THAT
AFTER A LONG MILE, SILENT MILE,

815
00:56:55,132 --> 00:57:01,906
JOSEPH SAID, "TELL YOUR FATHER
TO GIVE ME A HORSE."

816
00:57:01,972 --> 00:57:04,792
AND THE BOY WAS SO DISAPPOINTED

817
00:57:04,859 --> 00:57:10,581
THAT HE SHOULD ASK
FOR SOPALTRYA THING,

818
00:57:10,648 --> 00:57:14,652
AND HE NEVER TOLD HIS FATHER.

819
00:57:14,719 --> 00:57:18,339
AND THE TWO MEN DIED WITHOUT,
YOU KNOW.

820
00:57:18,406 --> 00:57:20,707
AND ERSKINE WOOD JR., SAID,

821
00:57:20,774 --> 00:57:24,845
"I DIDN'T KNOW
WHAT THE GIFT OF A HORSE WAS."

822
00:57:37,959 --> 00:57:41,745
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

823
00:58:07,271 --> 00:58:10,023
Man: THERE ARE MANY STORIES
IN THE WEST,

824
00:58:10,090 --> 00:58:13,177
AND THERE ARE MANY STORIES
IN THE UNITED STATES,

825
00:58:13,244 --> 00:58:16,330
AND NONE IS MORE AMERICAN
THAN ANY OTHER.

826
00:58:16,397 --> 00:58:20,234
BUT WHEN WE TRY TO THINK
OF A COMMON STORY,

827
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:24,038
OF A STORY WHICH WE INVENT
ABOUT AMERICA,

828
00:58:24,104 --> 00:58:28,208
WE LAY THAT INVENTION
IN THE WEST.

829
00:58:28,275 --> 00:58:30,177
THERE'S NO SECTION
IN THE UNITED STATES

830
00:58:30,244 --> 00:58:32,480
WHICH IS LESS AMERICAN
THAN ANY OTHER SECTION,

831
00:58:32,546 --> 00:58:34,714
BUT THERE ARE STORIES
THAT BECOME MORE AMERICAN

832
00:58:34,781 --> 00:58:36,717
THAN OTHER STORIES
BECAUSE WE TELL THEM

833
00:58:36,783 --> 00:58:38,819
AS STORIES
WHICH CAN INCLUDE ALL OF US.

834
00:58:38,886 --> 00:58:42,489
IT'S THIS SENSE
THAT IN A COUNTRY

835
00:58:42,556 --> 00:58:46,209
WHERE THERE'S SO MUCH
THAT DIVIDES US,

836
00:58:46,276 --> 00:58:51,565
THERE CAN BE SOME EXPERIENCE
WHICH OUT THERE WE ALL SHARE.

837
00:58:51,632 --> 00:58:53,867
IT MAY BE AN ILLUSION.

838
00:58:53,934 --> 00:58:55,536
IT PROBABLY IS AN ILLUSION.

839
00:58:55,603 --> 00:58:59,222
THERE IS NO SINGLE EXPERIENCE
IN THE WEST OR ANY PLACE ELSE.

840
00:58:59,307 --> 00:59:02,175
BUT WE FIGHT SO MUCH
ABOUT THOSE STORIES

841
00:59:02,242 --> 00:59:05,095
BECAUSE THOSE STORIES
DEEPLY MATTER --

842
00:59:05,162 --> 00:59:08,816
NOT BECAUSE
OF WHAT HAPPENED IN THE WEST,

843
00:59:08,882 --> 00:59:11,769
BUT WHAT HAPPENS RIGHT NOW,
WHAT MATTERS RIGHT NOW.

844
00:59:11,835 --> 00:59:13,770
THAT'S THE IMPORTANT THING.

845
00:59:23,363 --> 00:59:25,632
Williams: IF YOU THINK ABOUT
ALL OF THE VARIOUS STORIES

846
00:59:25,699 --> 00:59:28,986
OF BETRAYAL
IN THE AMERICAN WEST,

847
00:59:29,053 --> 00:59:31,505
THEY WILL BREAK YOUR HEART.

848
00:59:31,505 --> 00:59:34,158
BUT IN THESE STORIES

849
00:59:34,224 --> 00:59:36,426
THERE IS ALSO A HEALING --
A JOY.

850
00:59:36,493 --> 00:59:40,564
AND THAT JOY AND THAT HEALING
HAS COME FROM THE LAND ITSELF.

851
00:59:40,630 --> 00:59:44,885
AND I DON'T THINK
WE CAN FORGET THAT --

852
00:59:44,951 --> 00:59:49,023
THAT THE LAND
LITERALLY BRINGS US BACK

853
00:59:49,089 --> 00:59:52,409
TO A REVERENTIAL STATE OF MIND

854
00:59:52,476 --> 00:59:55,846
WHERE WE REALIZE
THE HEALTH OF THE LAND

855
00:59:55,912 --> 00:59:58,315
IS THE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE.

856
00:59:58,381 --> 01:00:04,237
IT IS ABOUT SPIRIT, AND
IN THAT SPIRIT ARE SEEDS OF JOY,

857
01:00:04,304 --> 01:00:09,826
AND THAT'S WHERE
I STAKE MY CLAIM IN THE FUTURE.

858
01:00:13,497 --> 01:00:18,452
Watkins: THE WESTERN LANDSCAPE
IN ALL ITS VARIETY AND DRAMA

859
01:00:18,519 --> 01:00:21,488
AND SENSE OF WIDE-OPEN SPACES,

860
01:00:21,554 --> 01:00:24,958
CARRIES
AN ENORMOUS EMOTIONAL WEIGHT --

861
01:00:25,009 --> 01:00:30,764
I THINK WITH NOT ONLY AMERICANS,
BUT WITH MUCH OF THE WORLD.

862
01:00:30,831 --> 01:00:32,616
THERE'S ALWAYS BEEN A PLACE,

863
01:00:32,682 --> 01:00:36,003
ALWAYS BEEN
A PLACE IN HUMAN HISTORY

864
01:00:36,070 --> 01:00:39,323
THAT BECAME THE REPOSITORY,
IF YOU WILL,

865
01:00:39,389 --> 01:00:43,461
OF ALL THE DREAMS, HOPES,
AND ASPIRATIONS OF PEOPLE.

866
01:00:43,527 --> 01:00:46,529
SOME PLACE THAT WAS
ALWAYS GOING TO BE BETTER

867
01:00:46,614 --> 01:00:48,098
THAN WHERE THEY WERE.

868
01:00:48,164 --> 01:00:51,218
THE WEST
STILL HAS THAT CHARACTERISTIC.

869
01:00:51,284 --> 01:00:54,104
IT IS PROBABLY
THE ONE SINGLE THING

870
01:00:54,171 --> 01:00:57,658
THAT MAKES IT UNIQUE
IN AMERICAN HISTORY.

871
01:00:57,725 --> 01:01:00,978
THAT A PLACE
SO WIDE AND LARGE AND VARIOUS

872
01:01:01,044 --> 01:01:04,582
COULD AT THE SAME TIME
BE A SINGLE REPOSITORY

873
01:01:04,648 --> 01:01:06,066
OF SO MUCH HOPE.

874
01:01:06,133 --> 01:01:09,470
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]